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phase 1a > Misc > Flashcards

Misc Flashcards

1
Q

what is the hering breuer reflex?

A

stops lungs over stretching

involved with pneumotaxi area

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2
Q

total surface area of lung

A

20m^2

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3
Q

Types of hearing loss

A

neural and conductive

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4
Q

describe lobe dominance

A

95% of right handed people are left dominant
60% of left handed people are left dominant
20% shared
93% total population is left dominant

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5
Q

where is Brocas area? What happens when its damaged?

A

frontal lobe, motor aspect of speech production. Expressive asphasia

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6
Q

where is Wernickes area? What happens when its damaged?

A

temporal lobe, understanding. Receptive aphasia

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7
Q

Which parts of organ of Corti detect high and low frequency?

A

Base (towards oval window) - high

apex is low

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8
Q

What are the nerve roots for the branchial plexus branches?

A 
musculocutaneous, c5-c7
axillary, c5-c6
median, c6-t1
radial, c5-t1
ulnar, c8-t1
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9
Q

where do you hear for the apex beat?

A

midclavicular 5th intercostal space

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10
Q

what are the types of immunglobulin

A

iM AGED

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11
Q

what causes pancreatic juice secretion

A

secretin

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12
Q

where does the aorta bifurcate

A

L4

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13
Q

where do the seminiferious tubules drain into

A

rete testis

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14
Q

what takes place in leydig cells?

A

testosterone production

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15
Q

what takes place in sertoli cells?

A

spermatogenisis

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16
Q

what takes place in epididymis

A

sperm maturation and storage

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17
Q

what is responsible for over shooting and dance like movements?

A

corpus striatum dysfunction

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18
Q

what is an amphipathic substance?

A

both hydrophobic and hydophilic

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19
Q

what structures lie anterior to the oesophagus?

A

trachea
heart (left atrium)
left main bronchus
diaphragm

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20
Q

what goes through the epipolic foramen?

A

portal vein
hepatic artery
bile duct

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21
Q

Oesphageal blood supply

A

upper 1/3 - inferior thyroid
middle 1/3 - abdo aorta branches
lower 1/3 - oesophageal branches from left gastric

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22
Q

where do nasal and temporal fibres project in the retinal ganglion cells?

A

nasal - to contralateral geniculate corpus

temporal - to ipsilateral geniculate corpus

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23
Q

Rods and Cones differences

A

Rods, peripheral, lower acuity and light levels, attach to lots of ganglion
cones, higher acuity, colour, 1 per ganglion

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24
Q

type 1 alveolar pneumocyte

A

makes up wall and structure, determines which substances diffuse through.
make up 96% of SA but only 40% of number of cells (b/c thin and flat)

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25
Q

type 2 alveolar pneumocyte

A

secrete surfactant, involved in decreasing surface tension to increase stretch and recoil
5% SA 60% total number of cells

26
Q

aldosterone effects

A

1) increases sodium reabsorption in collecting duct
2) increases water reabsorption
3) achieved via NCC and ENaC channels

27
Q

Bronchial tree structure changes

A

1) epithelium
2) cartilage
3) smooth muscle

28
Q

describe how epithelium changes in bronchial tree

A

primary/secondary/tertiary bronchi - pseudostratified ciliated columnar
larger bronchioles- ciliated simple columnar w/goblet cells
smaller bronchioles- ciliated simple cuboidal
terminal bronchioles - cuboidal epithelium

29
Q

describe how cartilage and smooth muscle change in bronchial tree

A

as you move down cartilage decreases and smooth muscle increases

30
Q

vas deferens function

A

combines with seminal vesicle ducts to form ejaculatory duct

31
Q

what are 3 cylinders of erectile tissues?

A

2 x corpus cavernosa

1 corpus spongiosum (urethra runs through)

32
Q

penis innervation

A

S2 S3 S4

33
Q

3 layers of cervix and body (of uterus)

A

1) peritoneum
2) myometrium
3) endometrium (divided into superficial stratum basalis and functionalis (sheds))

34
Q

layes of vagina

A

1) stratified squamous epithelium
2) elastic lamina propria
3) fibromuscular layer
4) adventitia

35
Q

angiontensin II effects

A

1) thirst
2) ADH release
3) aldosterone release
4) increased reabsorption in proximal tubule
5) vasoconstriction

36
Q

in the cytoplasm, structure that is created by covalent bonds

A

primary protein

37
Q

define osmolality

A

osmoles per kg of solvent

38
Q

where are central (respiratory) chemoreceptors located? what do they detect

A

ventral medulla

CSF pH

39
Q

what are peripheral chemoreceptors activated by?

A

decreased 02 and increased H+

40
Q

what is the lower oesophageal sphincter

A
  • circular muscle of gastro-osephageal wall
  • acute angle ‘sling’ between oesophagus and stomach
  • motility pattern due to innervation from vagus nerve branches
  • the diaphragm
41
Q

how does urine pass through the ureter?

A

peristalsis

42
Q

how much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys?

A

25%

43
Q

What is renin secreted in response to?

A

low sodium

44
Q

which group of spinal nerves innervates the biceps reflex?

A

C5/C6

45
Q

which group of spinal nerves innervates the ankle reflex?

A

S1/S2

46
Q

What is hydroxyapatite made of?

A

calcium and phosphate

47
Q

where is 1-25, dihydroxyvitamin D formed?

A

kidney

48
Q

where is aldosterone produced? what is it?

A

zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex - mineralocorticoid

49
Q

2 actions of bradykinin

A

pain

vasodilation

50
Q

which enzyme breaks down bradykinin

A

ACE

51
Q

histological features of secretory endometrium

A

spiral arteries
tortuous glands
increased stoma bulk

52
Q

effects of oestrogen on endometrium

A

uterine smooth muscle growth

softening cervix & pelvic ligaments

53
Q

which hormones do glucocorticoids inhibit?

A

ACTH

CRH

54
Q

what are bile salts made from?

A

cholesterol

lecithin

55
Q

where are the majority of bile salts absorbed

A

terminal ileum

56
Q

what does dopamine metabolise into

A

neuromelanin

noradrenaline

57
Q

length of PR interval

A

0.12-0.2 (s)

58
Q

length of QRS comples

A

0.08-0.10 (s)

59
Q

length of QT interval

A

0.4-0.43 (s)

60
Q

ear muscles and innervation

A

tensor tympani mandibular branch of trigeminal

stapedius facial

phase 1a (4 decks)

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