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RT 206 > 5.2 Biologic Effects of Radiation > Flashcards

5.2 Biologic Effects of Radiation Flashcards

1
Q

are the most

radiosensitive cells in the body

A

lymphocytes and the spermatogonia

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2
Q

RBCs that transport oxygen

A

Erythrocytes

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3
Q

involved inclotting of blood to prevent

hemorrhage

A

Thrombocytes

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4
Q

scavenger type of cells used to fight bacteria

A

Granulocytes

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5
Q

involved in the immune response

A

Lymphocytes

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6
Q

All cells of the hemopoietic system develop from stem cells called _____

A

pluripotential

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7
Q

This immediate response of radiation sickness is

A

prodromal period.

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8
Q

is the time after exposure during which there is no sign of radiation sickness

A

latent period

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9
Q

is characterized by a
reduction in white blood cells, red blood cells, and
platelets

A

hematologic syndrome

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10
Q

GI death occurs principally because of

A

severe

damage to the cells lining the intestines

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11
Q

The ultimate cause of death in CNS syndrome is

A

elevated fluid content of the brain

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12
Q

follows a nonlinear,

threshold dose-response relationship

A

Acute radiation lethality

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13
Q

The cause of death in Hematologic syndrome is

A

generalized infection, electrolyte

imbalance, and dehydration

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14
Q

Damage to _____ cells results in the earliest

manifestation of radiation injury to the skin

A

basal

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15
Q

Dose-response curves differ in two ways:

A
  1. They are either linear or nonlinear

2. They are either threshold or nonthreshold

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16
Q

Diagnostic radiology is primarily concerned with ______ dose-response relationships

A

linear, non-threshold

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17
Q

is termed the ambient or natural response.

A

RA

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18
Q

Even at zero dose, nonthreshold relationships exhibit a measurable
response

A

RA

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19
Q

exhibit a response,

regardless of the dose

A

nonthreshold dose-response relationships

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20
Q

In 1980, the Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR Committee) concluded that the effects of low doses of
low LET radiation follow a ______

A

linear quadratic dose-response relationship

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21
Q

At low doses, the curve is linear. At higher

doses, the curve becomes curvilinear. The curve is nonthreshold

A

linear quadratic dose-response relationship

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22
Q

The portion of the curve where increases in dose show no or little
increase in effect is named the ____

A

toe

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23
Q

is considered the
area of the curve in which a leveling off occurs, again demonstrating
no or little increase in effect

A

shoulder

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24
Q

In 1990, with 10 additional years of human data, the BEIR committee revised its radiation risk estimates and adopted the ______ dose-response relationship as most relevant

A

linear, nonthreshold

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25
Q

Current radiation protection guidelines are established using the
______ dose-response relationship model

A

linear nonthreshold

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26
Q

means s-shaped

A

Sigmoid

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27
Q

is applied predominately to the high dose effects

observed in radiotherapy

A

Sigmoid dose-response curve

28
Q

There is normally a threshold below which no observable effects
occur

A

radiotherapy

29
Q

With a sigmoid dose-response curve, there is a _____ relationship between dose and effect, meaning that the effect is not
directly proportional to the dose

A

nonlinear

30
Q

The dose-response curve for deterministic effects

A

threshold, nonlinear

31
Q

occur randomly

in nature

A

Stochastic effects

32
Q

Stochastic effects also referred as

A

statistical response

33
Q

isthe most devastating human response

to radiation exposure

A

Death

34
Q

is one in which the probability of occurrence of effects, rather
than their severity, increases with dose

A

Stochastic effects

35
Q

Nonstochastic

A

Deterministic

36
Q

are thought to be nonthreshold, as damage to

a few cells or even a single cell could theoretically produce the disease

A

Stochastic effects

37
Q

2 Gyt (200 rad), Whole Body

A

Death

38
Q

250 mGyt (25 rad), Whole Body

A

Hematologic

depression

39
Q

2 Gyt (200 rad), Small field

A

Skin erythema

40
Q

3 Gyt (300 rad), Small field

A

Epilation

41
Q

50 mGyt (5 rad), Whole body

A

Chromosome aberration

42
Q

100 mGyt (10 rad), Local tissue

A

Gonadal

dysfunction

43
Q

Diagnostic x-ray beams always result in ______, which is less harmful than
whole-body exposure.

A

partial-body exposure

44
Q

is a self-renewing system

A

Male gametogenesis

45
Q

From the ____ pluripotential stem cell, a number of cell types are produced

A

single

46
Q

Response of Ovaries and Testes to Radiation

100 mGyt

A

Minimal detectable response

47
Q

Response of Ovaries and Testes to Radiation

2000 mGyt

A

Temporary infertility

48
Q

Response of Ovaries and Testes to Radiation

5000 mGyt

A

Sterility

49
Q

The male stem cell is the ____, which matures into the _____

A

spermatogonia,

spermatocyte

50
Q

The spermatocyte in
turn multiplies and develops into a _____, which finally differentiates into the functionally mature germ
cell, the _____

A

spermatid,

spermatozoa or sperm

51
Q

Irradiation of the _____ early in life reduces their

size (atrophy) through germ cell death

A

ovaries

52
Q

is the normal incidence or response with no radiation exposure

A

RN

53
Q

10–20 kVp

A

Grenz rays

54
Q

Germ cells are produced by both ovaries and testes, but they develop from the stem cell phase to the mature cell phase at different rates and at different times. This process of development is called ______

A

gametogenesis

55
Q

The stem cells of the ovaries are the _____, and
they multiply in number only before birth during fetal
life

A

oogonia

56
Q

The most radiosensitive cell during female germ cell development is the oocyte in the ____ follicle

A

mature

57
Q

are the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus

A

Lymphoid Tissue

58
Q

Products of bone marrow stem cells

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Granulocytes
  • Thrombocytes
  • Erythrocytes
59
Q

Developing granulocytes and erythrocytes spend about ______ in the bone marrow

A

8 to 10 days

60
Q

Thrombocytes have a lifetime of approximately ____ in the bone marrow

A

5 days

61
Q

Thrombocytes have a lifetime of approximately ____ and erythrocytes a lifetime of nearly _____

A

1 week ,

4 months

62
Q

After exposure, the first cells to become affected are the _____

A

lymphocytes

63
Q

Reduced number of lymphocytes

A

Lymphopenia

64
Q

Rapid increase followed first by a rapid decrease in number of granulocytes

A

Granulocytosis

65
Q

Slower decrease of number of granulocytes

A

Granulocytopenia

66
Q

depletion of platelets

A

thrombocytopenia

RT 206 (9 decks)

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