5.2 - Group and Team Dynamics and Goal Setting in Sport Flashcards
(21 cards)
forming - storming - norming - performing model is what
good explanation of team development and behaviour
stage 1: forming
- high dependence on leader for guidance and support
- start to get to know each other
- little agreement on aims of the teams
- roles are unclear
stage 2: storming
- team members jostle for positions
- clearer focus for the team and they have a stronger sense of purpose, but still many uncertainties
- cliques form at this stage
- leader has more advisory/ coaching role
stage 3: norming
- much more agreement and consensus of opinion in the team
- roles are clearer and generally accepted
- stronger sense of community and unity
- team more social and individuals are friendly with each other
- general respect for the leader
stage 4: performing
- clear visions and clear aims
- no interference from leader
- focus achieving goals
- team does not need to be instructed or assisted
define cohesion
total field of focus which act on members to remain in the group
according to Carron 1980
cohesion has 2 dimensions:
- group integration - how individual members of the group feel about the group as a whole
- individual attraction to the group - how attracted the individuals are to the group
actual productivity =
potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes
losses due to process faults mainly caused by two factors:
- coordination problems + timing = strategies suffer
- motivation problems - different motivation levels within a team
1 guy lift 50kg, 4 guys lift 175kg
what is the ringelmann effect put simply?
average individual performance decreases as group size increases
social loafing definition
when some individuals in a group lose motivation, apparently caused by the individual losing identity when place in a group.
individual efforts may not be recognised by those who are spectating or taking part
how to reduce social loafing within a team
- highlight individual performances, eg, tackle counts in rugby or assist counts in basketball to give credit
- positive feedback and support
- individual feedback
- individual goals set
- increase social interactions within the group - more cohesive
4 ways goal setting can affect performance
- by directing attention
- by regulating amount of effort put into a given task
- ensuring effort is sustained until the goal is reached (motivation)
- by motivating people to develop a variety of strategies to reach these goal
SMART goal setting
s: specific = clear and specific
m: measurable
a: achievable = realistic to ability of performer
r: recorded: goals must be recorded to track progress
t: time phased: goals hold be split into short term goals to long term
outcome goal definition
goals that are targets directed towards an end result of the activities, eg a goal of wanting to win a netball match
performance goal definition
goals that are directed towards the individuals end performance eg, improve batting average of a cricketer
process goal definition
goal that are used to improve a skill and are often related to technique, eg, improving a cricketers batting technique
- concentrate on performers technique and tactics
why set short term goals first?
provide greater opportunity for success
which can reinforce positive feelings = help control anxiety levels
why are goals set through negotiation and agreement more effective than externally set goals?
- as participant will have a sense of ownership over the goal setting and will be better motivated to achieve
- also more fair and realistic if all parties involved have input
Need
Similar aims and motivations as a group to be successful
Causes of social loafing
- Individual the feel others are trying as hard
- if the player doesn’t feel that their efforts are valued, appreciated or being watched
- Eg perceive the task to be too hard
- they are lacking in confidence and therefore withdraw to protect self esteem
- if the player has had a bad experience in the past or failed at the task before
