5.2 internal migration Flashcards
urban:cores:haves
- industries
- government
- social elites
- financial power
- education system
rural: periphery:have nots
- mining
- forestry
- agriculture
- little power
- brain drain
- low wages
socio-economic impacts
- return of educated/skilled and experienced
- remittances: support costs: 10% of Africa’s income
- young impressionable dynamic villagers: outlook,ideas, aspirations
- more competition: increased local revenue
- influx: unhappy locals
- pressure on services
- brain drain
- loss of population
- loss of workforce
- decline of agricultural production
environmental impacts
- urbanisation, urban sprawl: pollution, deforestation
- increased demand for supply: increased consumption: more litter and slumps
- degradation
demographic impacts
- uneven distribution
- ageing population in rural area
- depopulation / overpopulation
- ethnic mix and representation: expands horizons
political impacts
- rural: conservative
- racism/arguments
- change in voting patterns
- lack of political representation
counterurbanisation
centrifugal movement of population out of urban areas into settlements which are physically separate in the rural areas beyond
- pop shift out of core industrial regions and into peripheral regions, movements down the urban hierarchy
- crime, overpopulation, loud
- increased investments into rural areas
- period, regional restructuring, decentralising
macro level causes
- core-periphery concept
- colonial era: restricted development
- immigration encouraged to supply labour
- capitalism: most paid employment in core
- industrialisation: disproportionate investment and neglect of rural economy: general explanation for pattern in LICs/MICs linking tech to advances and politics, fails to explain motives of individual, why some people stay
the meso level causes
- consideration of factors in origin and destination
- E. S Lee’s origin-intervening obstacles-destination model: individual perception, favour have to outweigh against
- prime: higher wages and employment
-lower cost of rural living and non-cash income not taken into account - paradox of urban deprivation: Todaro
- economic and social dominate decisions
the micro level causes
-specific circumstance of individual families
- avoidance of alienation
- chain and relay migration
- income, size of land holding, size of household, stage in life cycle, level of education, cohesiveness of family unit, connections
- Mumbai: 75% has relatives living in city
- Lima: 90% rely on short-term accommodation and job on arrival from connections
intra urban movements
- step migration: village to market town to regional city to national conurbation
- largest form: urbanisation
- UN 2000: 740 mil internal migrants
- intra-urban: family life cycle, concentric zone pattern
effects of internal migration
- distance decreases volume
- natural obstacles funnel people and decrease volume
- barriers vary with migrant and area
- quotas,qualifications, skill areas, age constraints
