5.3 international migration

Question 1

patterns

Answer 1

• historical patterns, economic flows, geographical and geopolitical relationships
• mostly to HICs: reinforced controls due to security issues to combat illegal migration and trafficking
• many traditional streams remained strong, significant new streams developed: spatial impact spread
  -growth in importance of labour-related migration and international student mobility
• culture, language, connections, availability
• becoming more temporary and circular
• globalisation, transport networks, global trading
• most international migration is still regionalised
• EU: freedom of movement, Australia: points system
• greater awareness of opportunities
• climate change
• greater desire for access to overseas education

Question 2

dependent voluntary

Answer 2

• decision of household: Stark’s model

Question 3

independent voluntary

Answer 3

• decision of an individual: Todaro
• 1990s mobility of migrants increased
• incipient globalisation (1970) aided: increased level of economic and social development globally

Question 4

forced migration

Answer 4

• mainly natural disasters and conflicts (mostly LICs)
• refugee/international displacement
• emerge of new warfare, spread of light weapons
• mass evictions and expulsion as a weapon of war
• ethnic cleansing

Question 5

stats

Answer 5

• 2014: 4% global population lived in a country that wasn’t their place of birth
• 70% of migrants are within working age
• 14.1% HIC pop of int migrants while only 1.6 in LICs

Question 6

refugee

Answer 6

• forced due to fleeing conflict, political or religious persecution: 10% of migrants
• HIC: betterment motive, perception, reports, relative proximity/distance, access to boats: less documents, help and support refugees, political stability, safety, better prospects

Question 7

economic migrants

Answer 7

• Singapore (HIC): ‘white collar’ workers from EU, Ch, In, USA: foreign talents, ‘blue collar’: construction, cleaners, maids: from SA, middle east

Question 8

socio-economic impacts

Answer 8

origin:
- remittances: multiplier effect
- lack of low skilled workers, brain drain
- ease the lvl of employment
- reduced pressure on services
- skilled, ideas returning
destination:
- economic integration is faster than social
- available labour: lower cost and skills brought in
- increased diversity enriches community
- less ageing population
- pressure on services
- economic cost of refugees
- increased productivity thru specialisation
- contribution to tax revenue
- diversification of retails and services

Question 9

cultural impacts

Answer 9

• strengthened ties between cultures
  destination:
• cultural hybridity
• increase in nationalism and isolationist policies
• loss of cultures, languages, removal of indigenous population

Question 10

political impacts

Answer 10

destination:
- voting patterns
- political tension
- spats between countries
- diaspora of people around the world
- breakdown of culture and tradition
- can expose racism, social segregation
- crime, violence, unrest

Question 11

environmental impacts

Answer 11

destination:
- lack of space
- increased travel
- urban efficiencies