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Biology > Topic 5 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Biosphere

A

The part of the Earth and its atmosphere inhabited by living organisms

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2
Q

Ecosystem

A

All the communities/living organisms/biotic factors and environmental/abiotic factors in a particular area interacting and interdependent making up a self-contained system which is self supporting in energy flow

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3
Q

Habitat

A

Geographical area occupied by an ecosystem

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4
Q

Population

A

All the members of one species in a habitat at one time

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5
Q

Community

A

All the organisms in a particular habitat at one time

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6
Q

Niche

A

The role of the species within an ecosystem; its location/spatial habitat and functions – relationships/interactions with other organisms – and its affect on the environment

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7
Q

What is the difference between into specific and interspecific and intraspecific

A

Interspecific – Between species

Intraspecific – within species

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8
Q

Anthropogenic factors

A

Factors arising from human activity (which can be either abiotic or biotic)

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9
Q

Primary productivity

A

The rate at which energy is incorporated into organic molecules in an ecosystem

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10
Q

Autotroph

A

Organisms that can make their own organic compounds from inorganic compounds e.g. green plants, algae, some bacteria

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11
Q

Heterotroph

A

Organisms that obtain energy as organic matter by ingesting material from other organisms

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13
Q

Photolysis

A

The process of splitting a molecule into two or more smaller molecules using energy from sunlight

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14
Q

Why are animals reliant on photosynthesis (occurring in plants) ?

A

Animals cannot make all the organic compounds they need themselves - depend on eating plants to get them
Plants release oxygen, required for any organism to carry out a aerobic respiration

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15
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in the plant

A

Palaside Meosphyll cell

In a chloroplast

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16
Q

Where do you the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur

A

On the thylakoid membrane in chlorophyll

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17
Q

Where do the light independent reaction is of photosynthesis occur

A

In the stroma

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18
Q

Describe the contents of the chloroplast

A 
Thylakoid membranes
Thylakoid space
Grandma
Stroma
Smooth inner and outer membrane
Starch grain
DNA loop
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19
Q

Define thylakoid membrane

A

System of interconnected flattened fluid filled sacks with light dependent proteins embedded in membrane

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the starch grain in a chloroplast?

A

Stores glucose from photosynthesis

21
Q

Thylakoid space

A

Fluid within thylakoid membrane sacs, contains photolysis enzymes

22
Q

How is the structure of the chloroplast adapted to its function

A
  • Thylakoid membranes have a large surface area - for the light independent reaction is, with chlorophyll on it
  • The electron carrier proteins are on the (Thylakoid) membrane, and so electron movement is efficient
  • reactions are catalysed by enzymes, and to maintain the rate, a high enzyme concentration is required - if high concentration in whole plant, it’s a waste, so is kept in small area – stroma in chloroplast reactions to catalysed quickly
23
Q

Detrivores

A

Primary consumers that feed on dead organic (plant?) material - detritus
E.g. woodlice, earthworms

24
Q

Decomposers

A

Species of bacteria/fungo that feed on the dead remains of organisms and animal faeces. Heterotrophs - secrete enzymes, digestant externally, before absorption

25
Q

Trophic level

A

The position a species occupies in a food chain

26
Q

What does the productivity (and the species biodiversity) of an ecosystem depend on?

A

How much energy is captured by producers

How much energy is transferred to higher trophic levels

27
Q

Why is not all the light energy used in photosynthesis

A
  • chlorophyll can only absorb certain wavelengths of light (not green)
  • reflected
  • transmitted straight through
  • Energy not absorbed by chlorophyll – evaporate water from leaves
  • limiting factors cause not all energy falling on plant can be used
  • respiration
  • Lost during photosynthesis
28
Q

What’s the difference between the smooth inner and outer membrane

A

Outer - freely permeable to small molecules

Inner - contains many transport of molecules that regulate passage of substances in and out of chloroplast

29
Q

GPP

A

The rate at which energy is incorporated into organic molecules by an ecosystem

30
Q

NPP

A

The rate at which energy is transferred into the organic molecules that make up the new plant biomass

31
Q

What conditions of a peat bog slow decay?

A

Anaerobic

Acidic

32
Q

Why use pollen as the substance to analyse from a peat bog?

A

Plants produce vast amounts of pollen
Pollen have tough outer layer - resistant to decay
Pollen is distinctive for each plant species
Deeper, older
Each plant species have favourable ecological conditions - use abundance to infer actual conditions

33
Q

Global Warming Potential

A

A measure of the greenhouse effect caused by that gas relative to the same amount of CO2 over a given time, which is given a value of one

34
Q

How is methane produced

A

Decay - anaerobic decay of organic matter in waterlogged conditions, domestic waste in landfills, decomposition of animal waste
Digestive systems of animals - farty cows
Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels

35
Q

Other factors to CO2 that affect climate change

A

Other greenhouse gases
Aerosols
Degree of reflection of ice/snow free areas
Fraction of Earth covered in ice and snow
Amount of cloud cover
Changes in Sun’s radiation

36
Q

Penology

A

The study of seasonal events in the lives of animals and plants

37
Q

Evolution

A

Random mutations lead to
New alleles and variation within a population
Alleles better adapted to conditions
More likely to survive and breed
And pass on favourable alleles
This is natural selection
Results in a change in allele frequency in a population over time

38
Q

Biotic Factors

A

Competition
Grazing/predation/parasitism
Mutualism

39
Q

Photosynthesis overall reaction

A

6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

40
Q

How to calculate efficiency of photosynthesis

A

(GPP/Amount of light energy striking plant) x 100

kJ m^-2 y^-1

41
Q

How are ice cores gas analysed

A

Ratio of different oxygen isotopes - estimate average air temperature
CO2 conc

42
Q

Ethical arguments for global warming

A

Right to choose for ourselves whether to use fossil fuels to achieve a good standard of living
Duty to allow others to improve standard of living (through industrialisation)
Duty to preserve environment for the next generation

43
Q

Peer review

A 
Other scientists review paper critically for
Proper controls
Appropriate statistics used
Other scientists work considered
Valid conclusions?
44
Q

Genomics and proteomics

A

Genomics - study of DNA

Proteomics - study of proteins

45
Q

What are some of the different ways antibiotics work?

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis – weak wall, lysis
Disrupt cell membrane – change permeability, Lysis
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis/replication/transcription – prevent cell division and/or synthesis of enzymes
Inhibition of protein synthesis – enzymes and essential proteins not produced
Inhibition of specific enzymes (in bacterial and not host)

46
Q

Define succession

A

The progressive change in the composition and diversity of the species in a community in the place over a period of time

47
Q

Name some antiretroviral drugs

A

Reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Protease inhibitors - inhibit proteases that catalyse cutting larger proteins into smaller polypeptides, for construction of new viruses
Intergrase inhibitor
Fusion inhibitor

48
Q

The difference between primary secondary and deflected succession

A

Primary: occurs in newlyformed habitats, where there has never been a community before
Secondary: occurs where in existing community has been cleared
Deflected: a community that remain stable only because human activity prevent succession

Biology (3 decks)

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