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biology > Topic 6 > Flashcards

Topic 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What are the four main fingerprint patterns

A

Arch (rarest), tented arch, whirl, loop (most common)

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2
Q

Exons and Introns

A

Exons - Coding regions of DNA for jeans and proteins

Introns - non-coding regions of DNA

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3
Q

STRs

Satellites

A

Short tandem repeats
Sequences of repeated bases found within introns. The same STRs occur at the same loci on homologous chromosomes, but the number of repeats on each can differ

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4
Q

Briefly describe the stages in DNA Profiling

A 
Obtain sample
Extract DNA from sample
Multiply DNA
Fragments
Separate fragments and visualise
Compare the profile with another
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5
Q

How to obtain the DNA from a sample

A

Add buffer solution (salt and detergent) to disrupt cell membranes
Filter/centrifuge do you separate small suspended particles (DNA)
Incubate with protease enzyme to remove proteins
Add cold ethanol to precipitate out DNA
Wash DNA in buffer solution in several stages
(Treat with Restriction Enzymes/Restriction Endonucleases that cut DNA at specific base sequences)

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6
Q

What increases the rate of rigor mortis

A

The size of the muscle – smaller muscles stiffen before larger ones
Environmental temperature – high temperature will increase rate
Physically active before death – if yes, quicker

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7
Q

Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cell walls

A

Gram Positive - walls thickened by extra polysaccharides and proteins
Gram Negative - walls thinner with surface layer lipids for protection

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8
Q

Purpose of the capsule of mucus layer on bacteria

A

Protection, prevents dehydration, form colonies

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9
Q

How is TB bacterium transmitted

A

Droplet infection

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10
Q

Describe the action of Lysozyme in the Non-specific immune response

A

Enzyme
Kills bacteria
By breaking down their cell walls
Found in tears, saliva and nasal secretions

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11
Q

Describe the action of interferon

A

Protein
Produced by virus-infected cells
Diffuses into surrounding cells
Inhibits viral protein synthesis, preventing viruses from multiplying

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12
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A

Bone marrow

T cells mature in the thymus gland

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13
Q

What pathogen causes tuberculosis

A

‘Mycobacterium Tuberculosis’ bacterium

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14
Q

What can cause a weakened immune system

A

Old/very young age
Malnutrition
Poor living conditions
HIV / AIDS

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15
Q

What is the start code (triplet base)

A

AUG - codes for methionine

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16
Q

What occurs inbetween transcription and translation

A

‘Post transcriptional changes’ occur to the mRNA strand.
Non-coding introns are removed
Exons (remaining sequences) and spliced together

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17
Q

What do AIDS and HIV stand for

A

AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus

18
Q

Name the types of phases in AIDS

A

Acute Phase
Chronic/Latent Phase
Disease Phases

19
Q

What ways do the human body prevent pathogens entering

A

Skin Surface Epidermis - keratin protein physical barrier, blood clotting, skin flora
Mucous membranes - trap and waft, lysozyme
Stomach acid
Gut flora - intestines

20
Q

Antibiotic

A

A chemical substance produced by microorganisms with the capacity to inhibit growth or destroy bacteria (and other microorganisms in dilutes solutions)

21
Q

The two types of antibiotics are…

A

Bactercidal antibiotics - destroy bacteria

Bacteriostatic antibiotics - prevent multiplication of bacteria

22
Q

What allows bacteria to evolve quickly

A

Reproduce very fast
Large population sizes, containing lots of cells with mutations (large gene pool)

Some random mutations advantageous - more likely to survive, reproduce and evolve

23
Q

Describe horizontal evolution

A

Gene is passed from one bacterium to another via cell-to-cell contact – Conjugation
One strand of plasmid DNA transferred between conjugating bacterium – each replicates for complete strand

24
Q

DNA Primers

A

Short DNA sequences complementary to the DNA adjacent to the STR, marked with fluorescent tags

25
Q

PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A

DNA sample, DNA polymerase, DNA primers and nucleotides put in a reaction tube into a PCR thermal cycler
95 - do you need a separate into two strands
55 – optimises primer binding to DNA
70 - DNA polymerase attaches and replicates from the primer (optimum temperature)
Cycle repeated 25-30 times producing lots of copies of the STR

26
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

DNA loaded into wells of an agarose/polyacrylamide gel in a tank - medium
Gel submerged in buffer solution
Electrodes produce p.d. across gel, -ve DNA towards +ve electrode
Reference sample/DNA Ladder as comparison

27
Q

DNA probe

A

Short section of DNA with a base sequence complementary to the target DNA sequence needing to be located

28
Q

Purpose of pili on bacteria

A

Attaching to surfaces

Cell-cell movement

29
Q

Mesosome

A

Site of cell respiration

Infolding of c.s.m

30
Q

Describe Primary Infection of TB

A

Inflammatory response, macrophages engulf bacterium

Tubercules form - granulomas, mass of tissue, anaerobic, dead bacteria and macrophages

31
Q

Active TB

A

Too many bacteria/reactivation of old infection from weakened immune system
Bacteria multiply rapidly - destroy tissue creating holes/cavaties

32
Q

Transcription

A

RNA polymerase attaches to DNA
Breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs
Unwinds DNA molecule
RNA nucleotides pair up with exposed bases on DNA template strand
By complementary base pairing
Form mRNA molecule
mRNA leaves through pore in nuclear envelope

33
Q

Translation

A 
mRNA attaches to ribosome
Free a.a. attach to their correct tRNA 
Each a.a. has specific tRNA
tRNA carries a.a to ribosome
tRNA anticodon bonds to mRNA codon (c.b.p)
Temporary H bonds
Condensation
Between adjacent a.a. - peptide bond
tRNA leave ribosome
34
Q

How does the TB bacterium evade the immune system

A

Thick waxy cell walls resist digestive enzymes in macrophage - survive and breed inside, lie dormant for years until immune system weakened
Suppress T cells - reduce antibody production and attack by killer T cells

35
Q

Symptoms of active TB

A

Coughing
Shortness of breath
Loss of appetite and weight loss
Fever and Extreme Fatigue

36
Q

HIV features

A 
Layer of viral protein
2 copies of mRNA
Viral proteins e.g. ...
Capsid - protein units 
Glycoproteins and lipid bilayer - envelope from host cell membrane
37
Q

Template stand is sense or antisense strand??

A

Antisense

38
Q

Template stand is sense or antisense strand??

A

Antisense

39
Q

How to prevent the development and spread of multiple resistant bacteria

A

Only use when needed
Complete treatment
Infection control in hospitals

40
Q

Role of fever and how it occurs from TB

A

Inflammatory response
Neutrophils and macrophages release fever causing substances
Chemicals affect hypothalamus
Raises core body temp
Enhances immune function and phagocytosis
Bacteria and viruses reproduce slower

biology (3 decks)

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