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Nursing > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Steps in gas exchange

A

1) ventilation
2) diffusion
3) perfusion

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2
Q

carina

A

point of bifurcation of trachea

- sensitive → anything touch and instantly triggers cough reflex

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3
Q

pleura

A

parietal → surrounds lung tissues
visceral pleura → connects to parietal pleura
pleural space → serous fluid to dec friction and adhesion

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4
Q

-ve pressure b/w pleura

A

exists to help keep lungs open

- space becomes more -ve with inspiration

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5
Q

diaphragm

A

pulls down → pull lungs down → visceral layer stuck to the viscera → creates -ve pressure

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6
Q

larynx

A

ciliated epithelium → filters dust particles

  • protects against entrance of substances
  • organ for voice production (vocal cords)
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7
Q

trachea

A
  • cartilaginous rings ANT
  • trachealis POS → prevents collapse
  • cartilage weak in children → prone to bronchoconstriction → asthma significant
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8
Q

composition of alveoli

A

squeamish tissues
- type 2 → secretes surfactant (dec surface tension → prevent aveoli collapse)

  • lung infection → disturbs surface tension → shortness of breath
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9
Q

inspiration

A
  • dia + ex IC contract
  • chest walls and lungs expand
  • accessory muscles (SCM and pec minor) contracts
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10
Q

expiration

A
  • passive elastic recoil

- accessory muscles (int IC and abs) contract for active expiration

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11
Q

conc of gases (PaCO2, PaO2…)

conc of HCO3 and pH level

A

PaCO2 → 35-40
PvCO2 → 46
PaO2 → 80-100
PvO2 → 40

HCO3 → 22-26mmol/L
pH → 7.35-7.45

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12
Q

what is the aim of respiration

A

to maintain normal levels of O2, CO2, HCO3

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13
Q

effects of humidifying gases

A

gas enter lungs → humidified → dec PO2 to 100mmHg (from atmospheric pressure)

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14
Q

3 neurochemical control of vent

A

1) central chemoR → bathed by CSF close to resp center
2) peripheral chemoR → in carotid A and aorta
3) lung stretch R

H+ cannot diffuse through BBB, but CO2 can

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15
Q

central chemoR

A
  • sensitive to changes in small pH

- change by PaCO2 stimulates both peripheral and central chemoR

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16
Q

equation for CO2 into HCO3

A

CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H + HCO3

  • ↑PaCO2 → ↑diffusion of CO2 into CSF → ↑H+ in CSF → ↑signals to central chemoR → ↑ventilation
17
Q

peripheral chemoR

A
  • near baroR
  • primary response to changes in O2 blood levels
  • not as sensitive to changes in central chemoR (only when O2
18
Q

neural innervation of lungs

A
  • SNS b2 → bronchial SM relax

- PNS m3 → bronchial SM contract

19
Q

external resp

A

ex gas exchange
- b/w alveoli and blood

int gas exchange
- exchange of O2 and CO2 b/w blood and tissues

20
Q

internal (cellular) resp

A

aerobic & anaerobic

21
Q

resp membrane permeability

A

membrane more permeable to CO2 than O2

22
Q

boyle’s law

A

p inversely proportional to V at constant temp

*i.e. if can’t change vol → can’t breath)

23
Q

dalton’s law

A

total pressure exerted by mixture of gases = sum of pressure of each individual gas
(p1+p2+p3=Ptot)

24
Q

fick’s law

A

rate of diffusion → directly proportional to:

  • SA membrane
  • pressure gradient
  • gas solubility

indirectly proportional to
- thickness of membrane

25
Q

how is O2 transported

A

binds to hb

~1000ml/min O2 delivered to cell

26
Q

how is CO2 transported

A

~200ml/min prod by tissues

1) dissolved in plasma (PCO2) - 10% (20x more soluble than O2)
2) as a carbaminohaemoglobin - 20% (hb-co2 complex)
3) as a bicarbonate - 70% (as hco3 dissolved in plasma)

27
Q

factors affecting oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A

CO → takes up Hb subunit → remaining subunits ↑affinity for O2 → BUT saturation of Hb with O2 is lowered

  • temp/2,3DPG/CO2 (dec pH) → all shifts curve right
28
Q

tidal vol

A

normal in out (500ml)

29
Q

inspiratory reserve vol

A

max vol breathed in over normal insp (~3.3L)

30
Q

expiratory reserve vol

A

max vol breathed out over normal exp (~1L)

31
Q

vital capacity

A

max in out (4.8L)

32
Q

residual vol

A

vol remaining in lungs at the end of exp (~1.2L)

33
Q

functional residual capacity

A

vol remaining at the end of normal in and out

34
Q

total lung capacity

A

total vol air lung can hold

35
Q

ageing and resp system

premature

A

inadequate surfact → may lead to resp distress

given steroids

36
Q

ageing and resp system

elderly

A
  • dec collagen prod → dec lung compliance & airway diameter
  • dec # cilia → inc infection rate
  • changes in parenchyma → lowers diffusion capacity (dec oxygenation of lungs)
37
Q

ageing and resp system

changes in resp rate throughout ages

A

newborn: 40-80
5yo: 25
adult: 12-18
elderly: inc

Nursing (14 decks)

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