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SYS II > Lecture 1 - Basics in Neuroendocrinology > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Basics in Neuroendocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the key features of the sympathetic nervous system

A 
Responds to stimuli
Stress 
Thoarcolumbar
Ganglia close to the spinal cord
Short pre-ganglionic 
Long post-ganglionig
Post-ganglionic = NA
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2
Q

Outline the key features of the parasympathetic nervous system

A 
Reaxation
Craniosacral
12 cranial nerves
Ganglia are far from the spinal cord
Long pre-ganglionic
Short post-ganglionic
Post-ganglionic = ACh
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3
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A 
Olfactory Nerve
Optic Nerve
Oculuomotor
Trochear nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Abducins
Facial Nerve
Auditory Nerve
glosopharyangeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Spatial Accessory Nerve
Hypoglossal
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4
Q

Why is the vagus nerve important?

A

It detects what’s going on and reacts to this

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5
Q

What are the four main types of cardiovascular regulation?

A

Chronotropy (HR)
Dromotropy (Conduction Velocity)
Inotropy (Contractility)
Lusitropy (Relaxation)

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6
Q

Outline Chronotropy

A

It takes place in the SA node
The sympathetic NS increases HR
The Parasympathetic NS decreases HR

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7
Q

Outline Dromotropy

A

AV Node
The sympathetic NS increase conduction velocity by increasing the rate of calcium inlfux
The parasympathetic NS decreases conduction velocity

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8
Q

Outline Inotropy

A

Ventricles
The sympathetic nervous system increases contactiliyy by increasing calcium concentration
The parasympathetic NS has no significant effect

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9
Q

Outline Lusitropy

A

Ventricles
The sympathetic NS increases relaxation speed by stimulating the Ca pump
The parasympathetic NS has no significant effect

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10
Q

What is the Hypohphysial portal system?

A

The capillary system between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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11
Q

What are the hormones released by the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

A 
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Cortisol Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
Prolactin Inhibitory Factor (PIF)
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12
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland?

A 
Follicle Stimulating Hormone/Lutenizing Hormone (FSH/LH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin
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13
Q

Which hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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14
Q

What are the key characterisitics of BBB capillaries?

A 
No fenestrated endothelium
Tight junctions
Few pinozytes
Little transcellular transport
Lots of mitochondria
Astrocytes processes are present
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15
Q

What are the functions of the BBB?

A

A selective barrier between the blood and the brain
To guarantee optimal homeostasis in neuronal mileu
Protects against circulating neuroactive substancces e.g. amino acids

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16
Q

Outline some BBB associated pathologies

A

Tumours can cause opening of the BBB
Bacterial meningitis
HIV Demenetia

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17
Q

What are the circumventricular organs?

A

Are regions in the brain which have extensive vasculature and no BBB

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18
Q

What are the circumventricular organs?

A 
Choroid Plexus
Subfornical Organ (SFO)
Area postrema
Subcommissaral organ (SCO)
Hypophyse (Pituitary)
Eminenta mediana
Organum Vascularism der Lamina Terminalis (OVLT)
19
Q

Where does the CSF come from?

A

the choroid plexus and the ECF

20
Q

What is Bulk Flow?

A

The action of ECF flowing inwards, and as it flows inbetween the cells it beccomes CSF

21
Q

What is special about the sinus sagittalis superior?

A

It is where the blood and CSF meet

22
Q

What are the layers of the meninges?

A

Pia Mater, Arachnoidea, Dura Mater

23
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A

Homeostasis
To remove potentially dangerous metabolites
Mechanical protection of the brain

24
Q

What are the general functions of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system?

A

Intergration of all sensory inputs
COmplex regulatory control over: Behavioural responses, cardiovascular responses, thermoregulation, hormonal output , reproductive functions and immune functions

25
Q

What are the nuclei in the hypothalamus?

A 
Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
Periventricular nucleus
Lateral tuberal nucleus
Arcuate nucleus
Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
Supraoptic nucleus
Media preoptic area
Paraventricular nucleus
Nucleus supraoplexus
26
Q

What are the inputs to the hypothalamus?

A

Sensory info via monosynaptic projections
Multi-synpatic projections from limbic system and the cortex
Projections from circumventricular organs
Steroidal hormone feedback

27
Q

How can the inputs to the hypothalamus be classified?

A

By neurotransmitter

28
Q

What are the two parts of the hypthalamo-hypohysial system?

A

The Hypothalalomo-adenohypophysial system

The Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system

29
Q

Outline the hypothalamo-adenohypophysial system

A

Information travels by neurons from the hypothalamus to the portal blood where there is a direct link to the endothelial cell –> hormone release to the adenohypophysis

30
Q

Outline the hypothalama-neurohypophysial system

A

Long neural projections all the way down the neurohypophysis

31
Q

Which hormones are released in the hypothalamo-adenohypophysial system?

A 
ACTH
TSH
STH
LH/FSH
Prolactin
32
Q

What tissue is the adenohypophysis derived from?

A

the hypophyseal pouch in the mouth cavity consisting of ectodermal-epithelial tissue

33
Q

What tissue is the neurohypophysis derived from?

A

From a neurohypophyseal bud coming down from the brain, composed of ectodermal-neural tissue

34
Q

What are Ernst and Bert Scharrer famous for?

A

They founded neuroendocrinology with the neurosecretion hypothesis

35
Q

What is the neurosecretion hypothesis?

A

Suggests that neurons store, synthesise and release hormones

36
Q

What is Wolfgang Borgmann famous for?

A

He worked on the link between the hypothalamus and the hypophyse

37
Q

Outline the stress response

A

Stressor –> Hypothalamus –> CRH –> Adenohypophysis –> ACth –> Adrenal GlAND –> Cortisol/Corticosteron –> Stressor

38
Q

What are the inputs for the stress response?

A

Limbic system
Brainstem
Catecholinergic inputs
Noradrenergic inputs
A2 NA cell group, NTS
A1 NA cell group of the ventrolateral medulla
Locus coerulus
Cholinergic inputs from the caudal thalamus
Serotonergic inputs from the caudal thalamus

39
Q

What is stress?

A

Complex, sterotypical response toa real/threatened disruption of the homeostasis and intergrity of somatic control systems. It is the non-specific response of the body to any demand

40
Q

What is a stressor?

A

the external stimulus causing stress

41
Q

What factors are the height and duration of the stress response dependent upon?

A

Intensity of stressors
Quality of stressors
Duration of stressors

42
Q

What are the physiological mechanisms of the stress response?

A

Activation of the sympathetic NS causes increeased HR, blood pressure and breathing frequency, it also causes released of adrenaline from the adrenal glands.

Activation of the neuroendocrine systems. CRH neurons release ACTH causing glucocorticoids, cortisol to be released

43
Q

What are the effects of the stress response?

A 
Energetic support fro the fight or flight response
Increased vigilance
induction of anxiety
regulation of stress related behaviour
inhibition of anabolic processes
inhibition of immune responses

SYS II (10 decks)

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