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Embryology > Exam 1 - Note Set 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Note Set 1 Flashcards

1
Q

“before birth”

A

Prenatal

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2
Q

“Around the time of birth”

A

Perinatal

3rd trimester - 1st month after birth

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3
Q

Process by which mature oocytes are produced.

A

Oogenesis

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4
Q

Oogenesis begins _____ _____, with the proliferation of oogonia by _______.

A

Before Birth

Mitosis

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5
Q

_______ _______ ______ is produced in the hypothalamus (female reproductive cycle)

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

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6
Q

GnRH is produced in the _______ and passes to the _______ ______ ______ via the ________ ______ system.

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hypophyseal Portal system

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7
Q

GnRH stimulates the production of which two hormones.

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

Luteinizing Hormone

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8
Q

FSH - stimulates development of ovarian follicles and _______ secretion by follicular cells

A

Estrogen

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9
Q

Oocyte is considered mature when it is _________.

A

Fertilized

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10
Q

Before fertilization, an oocyte is considered a __________ oocyte.

A

Secondary

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11
Q

LH initiates ________ (release of _______ oocyte) and secretion of _________ by follicular cells and corpus luteum.

A

Ovulation
Secondary (oocyte)
Progesterone

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12
Q

The ovarian cycle is controlled by ____ and ____

A

FSH

LH

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13
Q

Ovarian cycle includes… (3 stages)

A

Follicle Development
Ovulation
Formation of Corpus Luteum

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14
Q

7 hour of additional maturation of sperm after ejaculation.

A

Capacitation

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15
Q

7 stages of fertilization

A 
Sperm penetrates Corona Radiata
Sperm penetrates through Zona Pellucid
Zona Reaction
Fusion of cell membranes (sperm/oocyte)
Completion of second meiotic division (oocyte)
Formation of male pronucleus
Formation of zygote
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16
Q

Before pronuclei join together

A

Ootid

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17
Q

Once the pronuclei joint together

A

Zygote

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18
Q

______ occurs as the zygote passes along the uterine tube toward the uterus

A

Cleavage

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19
Q

Cleavage is the process of the zygote undergoing rapid _______ division.

A

Mitotic

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20
Q

The smaller cells created by mitotic division during cleavage are called ________

A

Blastomeres

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21
Q

The cleavage stage consists of __ stages of mitotic division totaling __ blastomeres

A

3 stages

8 blastomeres

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22
Q

Three days after fertilization, as the zygote enters the uterus, the blastomeres divide again to form the __-cell _______

A

16-cell Morula

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23
Q

The morula consists of an:
______ _____ _____ - gives rise to tissues of the embryo
_____ _____ _____ - gives rise to the trophoblasts

A

Inner Cell Mass (tissue of embryo)

Outer Cell Mass (trophoblast)

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24
Q

As the _________ _______ expands, it separates the inner cell mass from the outer cell mass.

A

Blastocystic Cavity

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25
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

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26
Q

Implantation of the blastocyst begins on day __

A

7

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27
Q

The _____________ continues to invade the _________, and the blastocyst becomes embedded in the uterine wall

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

Endometrium

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28
Q

The syncytriotrophoblast also secrets (hCG), which maintains the ______ _____ of pregnancy

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Corpus Luteum

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29
Q

Pregnancy tests are based off of…

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

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30
Q

As implantation of the blastocyst occurs, a small space appears within the embryoblast which becomes the ________ _______

A

Amniotic Cavity

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31
Q

At day 8, the _________ differentiates into the flat circular embryonic disc, consisting of ____ layers

A

Embryoblast (differentiates to embryonic disc which consists of…)
Two layers

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32
Q

Two layers of the embryonic disc.

A

hypoblast layer

epiblast layer

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33
Q

(embryonic disc layer)

Small cuboidal cells adjacent to the blastocystic cavity

A

Hypoblast Layer

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34
Q

(embryonic disc layer)

Tall columnar cells adjacent to the amniotic cavity

A

Epiblast Layer

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35
Q

_________ separate from the epiblast and form the amnion, which surround the ________ _______.

A

Amnioblasts

Amniotic Cavity

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36
Q

The hypoblast is continuous with the __________ ________

A

Exocoelomic Membrane

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37
Q

The epiblast is continuous with the _______

A

Amnion

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38
Q

The embryonic disc lies between the ________ _______ and ________ ________ _______.

A

Amniotic Cavity

Primary Umbilical Vesicle

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39
Q

Fills the space between the cytotrophoblasts and sycytiotrophoblasts externally, and the amnion and exocoelomic membrane internally

A

Extraembryonic Mesoderm

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40
Q

At day __, lacunae (______) form within the syncytiotrophoblast.

A

Day 9

Spaces (lacunae)

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41
Q

Maternal blood enters the _______ from eroded __________ ________

A

Lacunae

Endometrial Capillaries

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42
Q

By day __, the embryo is completely implanted in the endometrium and the _______ _______ occurs

A

Day 10

Decidual Reaction

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43
Q

Endometrial cells swell as they fill with glycogen and lipids to provide nutrients to the early embryo.

A

Decidual Reaction

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44
Q

By day 12, the ________ within the scytiotrophoblast have joined to for a ________ ______, which will become the intervillous spaces of the placenta

A

Lacunae

Lacunar Network

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45
Q

(Day 12+)

Endometrial capillaries enlarge into _________ ________

A

Maternal sinusoids

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46
Q

Fertilization & Implantation

A

0 - 2 weeks in utero

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47
Q

Embryonic Period

A

3 - 8 weeks in utero

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48
Q

Fetal Period

A

9 - 38 weeks in utero

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49
Q

Infancy

A

Birth - 1 year

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50
Q

Childhood

A

1yr - Puberty (10-13yrs)

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51
Q

Adolescence

A

Puberty - Adulthood

52
Q

Adulthood

A

between 18 & 21

53
Q

During the first month after birth, the infant is called a ________

A

Neonate

54
Q

The study of abnormal development

A

Teratology

55
Q

Period of greatest sensitivity to teratogenesis

A

Embryonic Period

56
Q 
Directional terms specific to embryology:
Superior - 
Inferior - 
Anterior - 
Posterior -
A

superior - CRANIAL CEPHALIC
inferior - CAUDAL
anterior - VENTRAL
posterior - DORSAL

57
Q

Gametogenesis occurs through a specialized type of cell division called ________

A

Meiosis

58
Q

Germ cell division

A

Meiosis

59
Q

Somatic cell division

A

Mitosis

60
Q

Spermatogonia occurs at ________ and results in…

A

Puberty

46 DOUBLE-stranded Chromosomes

61
Q

Primary Spermatocytes undergo the first meiotic division and results in…

A

2 Haploid Secondary Spermatocytes

23-DOUBLE-stranded chromosomes each

62
Q

Secondary Spermatocytes undergo second meiotic division to form…

A

2 Haploid Spermatids

23 SINGLE-stranded chromosomes

63
Q

Spermatids transform gradually into mature sperm through process of __________

A

Spermiogenesis

64
Q

Oogenesis begins…

A

Before Birth

65
Q

4 parts of uterine tube from uterus - lateral

A

Uterine Part
Isthmus
Ampulla
Infundibulum

66
Q

Longest, widest part of uterine tube.

A

Ampulla

67
Q

Narrowest part of uterine tube

A

Isthmus

68
Q

Most common site of fertilization in uterine tube

A

Ampulla

69
Q

Opening of the uterine tube near the ovary

A

Abdominal Ostium

70
Q

Layers of uterus from outside - in

A

Perimetric
Myometrium
Endometrium

71
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone is produced in the __________ and passes to the _________ ________ gland via the __________ portal system

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hypophyseal Portal System

72
Q

GnRH stimulates the production of which two hormones by the anterior pituitary?

A 
Follicle-Stimulation Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LI)
73
Q

(Ovarian cycle)

Only one primary follicle completes the maturation process in each cycle. The rest degenerate into _______ ________

A

Atretic Follicle

74
Q

Following release of the secondary oocyte, LH stimulates the empty mature follicle to develop into a glandular structure -

A

Corpus Luteum

75
Q

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen to prepare the ___________ for implantation

A

Endometrium

76
Q

If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum involutes for 10 - 12 days after ovulation and is replaced by a small white fibrous scar on the ovary call the _______ _______

A

Corpus Albicans

77
Q

Menopause occurs around…

A

48 - 55 years of age

78
Q

Day 1 of the menstrual cycle is the day on which ________ ______ begins

A

Menstrual Flow

79
Q

Four phases of menstrual cycle in order

A

Menstrual Phase
Proliferation Phase
Secretory Phase
Ischemic Phase

80
Q

Menstrual Phase:

A

Functional layer of endometrium sloughs off and is excreted (4 to 5 days)

81
Q

Proliferative Phase:

A

Endometrium doubles or triples in thickness (9 days)

82
Q

Secretory Phase:

A

Further thickening of endometrium

83
Q

Ischemic Phase: (if fertilization does not occur)

A 
Shrinking of endometrium
Spiral arteries (supply endometrium) kink
Initiates Sloughing off
84
Q

The passage of sperms and seminal fluid to the prostatic urethra via peristalsis

A

Emission

85
Q

Ejaculation through the external urethral orifice is due to contraction of the _____________ muscle

A

Bulbospongiosus

86
Q

Sperms are nourished by…

A

Fructose in Seminal Fluid

87
Q

The _______ reaction allows sperms to fuse with oocyte.

A

Acrosome Reaction

88
Q

Sperm typically does not survive more than ___ hours

A

48 hours

89
Q

Fertilization usually take around ___ hours

A

24 hours

90
Q

7 phases of fertilization

A 
Sperm penetrates corona radiata
Sperm penetrates zona pellucida
Zona Reaction
Fusion of cell membranes (sperm & oocyte)
Second meiotic division of oocyte
Male pronucleus forms
Zygote formation
91
Q

Cleavage of the zygote occurs while the zygote passes along the uterine tube towards the uterus.
It undergoes a series of rapid _______ divisions, producing cells which become smaller with each division called __________

A

Mitotic

Blastomeres

92
Q

Compaction is where the blastomeres form a compact ball of cells and occurs…

A

After the third cleavage

93
Q

The zygote enters the uterus __ days after fertilization and the blastomeres divide again to for the ___-_____ _______

A

3 days

16-cell Morula

94
Q

The Morula consists of:
Inner cell mass -
Outer cell mass -

A

inner cell mass - gives rise to TISSUE OF EMBRYO

outer cell mass - gives rise to the TROPHOBLAST

95
Q

Four days after fertilization (3 parts)

A

Embryoblast and Blastocystic Cavity - inner cell mass

Trophoblast - outer cell mass

96
Q

Four days after fertilization, the outer cell mass becomes the trophoblast, which forms the wall of the _______, and which eventually gives rise to the embryonic part of the placenta

A

Blastocyst

97
Q

Around day 6 after fertilization, the blastocyst attaches to the __________ _________, usually high on the posterior wall of the uterine cavity

A

Endometrial Epithelium

98
Q

Attachment of the blastocyst (around day 6) initiates the differentiation of the trophoblast into… (2)
Which one lacks cell boundaries?

A

Cytotrophoblast - inner layer

Syncytiotrophoblast - outer layer, lacking cell boundaries

99
Q

Layer of cells which appear on the surface of the embryoblast (around day 7) facing the blastocystic cavity

A

Hypoblast

100
Q 
Timing of important development during week 1:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - 24 hours
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - 3 days
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - 4.5 days
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - 6-7 days
A

Zygote Formation - 24 hours
Morula Formation - 3 days
Blastocyst Formation - 4.5 days
Blastocyst Attachment - 6-7 days

101
Q

________ of the blastocyst begins on day 7.

The ___________ continues to invade the endometrium, and the blastocyst becomes embedded in the uterine wall

A 
Implantation
Syncytiotrophoblast (invades endometrium)
102
Q

Endometrial cells at the implantation site (of the blastocyst) degenerate through a process called ________

A

Apoptosis (programmed cell death)

103
Q

At day 8, the embryo blast differentiates into the…

A

Embryonic Disc (flat, circular)

104
Q

Two layers of the embryonic disc

A

Hypoblast Layer

Epiblast Layer

105
Q 
Hypoblast Layer (of embryonic disc):
Small \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells adjacent to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cavity
A

CUBOIDAL cells adjacent to the BLASTOCYSTIC cavity

106
Q 
Epiblast Layer (of embryonic disc):
Tall \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells adjacent to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cavity
A

COLUMNAR cells adjacent to the AMNIOTIC cavity

107
Q

(day 8)

The embryonic disc lies between the _________ cavity and ________ _______ _______

A

AMNIOTIC cavity

PRIMARY UMBILICAL VESICLE

108
Q

(day 8)

A new population of cells appears call the….

A

Extraembryonic Mesoderm

109
Q

(day 8)
Large spaces appear in the extraembryonic mesoderm, which soon coalesce to form the extraembryonic ________ - a fluid filled cavity which surrounds the _______ and _______ _________

A 
extraembryonic COELOM (surrounds the)
AMNION and UMBILICAL VESICLE
110
Q

(day 8)

As the extraembryonic coelom enlarges, the primary umbilical vesicle decreases in size and is replaced by the…

A

Secondary Umbilical Vesicle

111
Q

At day 9, _______ form within the syncytiotrophoblast

A

Lacunae

112
Q

Maternal blood enters the lacunae from eroded _______ _______

A

eroded ENDOMETRIAL CAILLARIES

113
Q

By day ___, the embryo is completely implanted in the endometrium and the ________ reaction occurs

A

day 10

DECIDUAL reaction occurs

114
Q

Decidual Reaction: endometrial cells swell as they fill with _______ and ______ to provide nutrients to the early embryo

A

Glycogen and Lipids

115
Q

Days 13 and 14 are characterized by the development of…

A

Primary Chorionic Villi

116
Q

Primary chorionic villi are cellular extensions which grow into the _____________

A

Syncytiotrophopblast

117
Q

The extraembryonic coelom divides the extraembryonic mesoderm into… (2)

A

Extraembryonic SOMATIC Mesoderm

Extraembryonic SPLANCHNIC Mesoderm

118
Q

The extraembryonic SOMATIC mesoderm lines the ___________ and ________

A

Cytotrophoblast

Amnion

119
Q

The extraembryonic SPLANCHNIC mesoderm lines the ________ ______

A

Umbilical Vesicle

120
Q

The chorion is formed by… (3)

A

Extraembryonic Somatic Mesoderm
Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophobalst

121
Q

Suspended within the chorionic sac by the connecting stalk are the… (3)

A

Embryo
Amniotic Sac
Umbilical Vesicle

122
Q

The ___________ ________ will become the chorionic cavity

A

Extraembryonic Coelom

123
Q

At day 14, the _______ cells in one area of the bilaminar embryonic disc elongate to for the ________ _______

A 
HYPOBLAST cells (form the)
PRECHORDAL PLATE
124
Q

The _________ ______ is the site of formation of the mouth and is important in the development of the head

A

Prechordal Plate

125
Q

Implantation outside the uterine cavity

A

Ectopic Pregnancy

126
Q

Most common ectopic pregnancy

A

Ectopic TUBAL Pregnancy

127
Q

Spontaneous Abortion:
Most occur in the first __ _____ after fertilization.
Over 50% are caused by major _________ _______

A

3 weeks

(major) Chromosomal Abnormalities

Embryology (4 decks)

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