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SHHS - Science - AQA Biology Trilogy > Unit 4.2 Animal tissues, organs and organ systems and enzymes > Flashcards

Unit 4.2 Animal tissues, organs and organ systems and enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a meant by a specialised cell?

A

A cell that carries out a particular function (job).

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2
Q

What is meant by differentiation?

A

When a stem cell changes into a specialised cell.

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3
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell that can change into any type of cell.

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4
Q

What is meant by an ‘undifferentiated cell’?

A

A cell that has not yet changed into a specialised cell (e.g. stem cells)

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5
Q

Many similar cells form a…

A

tissue

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6
Q

Many tissues form an…

A

organ

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7
Q

Many organs form an…

A

organ system

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8
Q

Many organ systems form an…

A

organism

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9
Q

When does differentiation occur in multicellular organisms?

A

During the development (in the uterus/womb)

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10
Q

What is meant by a multicellular organism?

A

An organism that is made from many different types of specialised cells.

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11
Q

Why do large multicellular organisms require organ systems?

A

To transport materials.

To exchange materials.

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12
Q

Name the 3 types of tissue that form the stomach (organ).

A

Epithelial tissue

Glandular tissue

Muscular tissue

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13
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue in the stomach?

A

It covers the stomach like a skin.

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14
Q

What is the function of muscular tissue in the stomach?

A

It contracts to allow the stomach to churn food.

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15
Q

What is the function of glandular tissue in the stomach?

A

It secretes digestive enzymes that break down food.

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16
Q

What is the function of glandular tissue?

A

It secretes enzymes.

It secretes hormones.

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17
Q

Identify the organ system

A

Digestive System

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18
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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19
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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20
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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21
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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22
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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23
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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24
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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25
Q

Identify the organ.

A
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26
Q

what organ produces digestive juices

A

glands e.g. pancreas, salivary gland

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27
Q

where in the digestive system does digestion take place?

A

mouth

stomach

small intestine

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28
Q

amylase breaks down

A

starch

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29
Q

what is starch broken down into?

A

glucose

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30
Q

protease breaks down?

A

proteins

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31
Q

proteins are broken down into

A

amino acids

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32
Q

fats are broken down by

A

lipase

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33
Q

fats are broken down into?

A

fatty acid

glycerol

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34
Q

digested food is absorbed where?

A

small intestine

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35
Q

water is absorbed where in the digestive system?

A

large intestine

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36
Q

digestion of starch takes place in which organ?

A

mouth

small intestine

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37
Q

digestion of proteins takes place in which organs?

A

stomach

small intestine

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38
Q

Fats are digested in which organ?

A

small intestine

39
Q

what type of substance is bile?

A

alkali

40
Q

bile is made in which organ?

A

liver

41
Q

The role of bile in digestion is?

A

to neutralise stomach acid

emulsify the fats into droplets

42
Q

Why is it important that the bile is added as the food leaves the stomach?

A

to prevent the acid contents denaturing enzymes in the small intestine

43
Q

What organs in the digestive system does the food NOT pass through?

A

pancreas

liver

gall bladder

44
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

Mouth

45
Q

How are the small intestines adapted for absorption?

A

Folds called villi increase surface area

villi are thin

villi have an extensive blood supply

46
Q

Where is all the undigested food stored?

A

rectum

47
Q

Where does the undigested food leave the body from?

A

anus

48
Q

What is the glucose absorbed in digestion used for?

A

delivered to our cells and used in respiration

49
Q

What are the amino acids absorbed in digestion used for?

A

to make new proteins

50
Q

Where are new proteins made in a cell?

A

at the ribosomes

51
Q

organ systems work together to form

A

organisms

52
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

gall bladder

53
Q

How are proteins different to amino acids?

A

proteins are large and insoluble

amino acids are small and soluble

54
Q

How is starch different to glucose?

A

starch is large and insoluble

glucose is small and soluble

55
Q

proteases, lipases and amylases are all what type of molecule?

A

enzymes

56
Q

what are enzymes made from?

A

protein

57
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Protein molecule that acts as a biological catalayst

58
Q

What does an enzyme do in the body?

A

control and speed up the rate of chemical reactions e.g. respiration

59
Q

Enzymes are affected by

A

pH

temperature

60
Q

True or false enzymes are living

A

FALSE

61
Q

You can increase the speed of an enzyme controlled reaction by doing what?

A

raising the temperature

62
Q

If the temperature gets too hot for enzymes, what happens to the reaction its controlling?

A

slows down and eventually will stop

63
Q

If enzymes get too hot what happens to the enzyme?

A

they begin to denature (destroyed)

64
Q

When an enzyme denatures - what does this mean for the enzyme?

A

The bonds holding the enzyme together break and the enzyme begins to unravel

65
Q

What shape are enzymes said to have?

A

globular

66
Q

Are catalysts used up in the reaction?

A

No - left unchanged

67
Q

Name the special site on the enzyme where the reaction takes place

A

active site

68
Q

What is the name of the molecule that binds at the active site?

A

substrate

69
Q

Can any substrate bind any enzyme?

A

No - active sites have a specific shape

70
Q

What makes all enzymes different/unique?

A

They are all folded into a unique shape

Their active site is specific to the enzyme

71
Q

When an enzyme binds to the substrate what is formed?

A

enzyme-substrate complex

72
Q

pH protease enzymes work best in in the stomach?

A

pH1-2

73
Q

Chemical used to detect starch?

A

iodine

74
Q

colour change observed if starch is present?

A

brown to black

75
Q

In an experiment it is important to control certain variables why?

A

To make it a fair test

76
Q

The rate of a reaction is..

A

a measure of how something changes over time

77
Q

Digestion breaks down large insoluble molecules into..

A

small soluble ones (that can be absorbed)

78
Q

Amylase is made in 3 places - name them

A

pancreas

salivary gland

small intestine

79
Q

Protease are made in which organs?

A

pancreas

small intestine

stomach

80
Q

Lipases are made in which organs?

A

pancreas

small intestine

81
Q

name the acid in the stomach

A

hydrochloric acid

82
Q

what does emulsify mean?

A

break down into tinier droplets

83
Q

What chemical is used to test for sugars?

A

Benedicts

84
Q

How do you test for sugar in a sample of food?

A

dissolve in water

add benedicts

heat for 5 minutes in a water bath

observe colour change

85
Q

a sample of food containing a lot of sugar will turn benedicts solution from blue to…

A

red

86
Q

A negative test for sugar using benedicts will ….

A

stay blue (no sugar is present)

87
Q

The chemical used to test for proteins…

A

biuret solution

88
Q

Foods that contain protein include

A

milk, meat, cheese

89
Q

starchy foods include

A

bread rice pasta

90
Q

to test for proteins you …

A

dissolve food sample in water

add equal volume of biuret solution

observe colour change

91
Q

A positive test for protein using biuret will turn

A

purple/lilac

92
Q

Lipids (fats) are found in

A

cheese, chocolate, butter

93
Q

To test for lipids you…

A

Grind up food sample

add ethanol

transfer food and ethanol sample to water

look for a white layer/precipitate

94
Q
A

SHHS - Science - AQA Biology Trilogy (37 decks)

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