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POD > 5.3 Gram Positive Rods 2 > Flashcards

5.3 Gram Positive Rods 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a feature of the “anatomy” of the mycolata group of bacteria (i.e. corynebacterium, mycobacterium, rhodococcus)

A

they have a lipid rich outer membrane containing mycolic acid

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2
Q

all mycolata are what type of pathogens

A

facultative intracellular; like macrophages

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3
Q

all mycolata (corynebacterium, mycobacterium, rhodococcus) cause ______________ inflammation, which involves a ___________ immune response

A

granulomatous; type 1

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4
Q

what species do corynebacteria infect

A

humans, ruminants, other animals

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5
Q

what species do mycobacterium infect

A

humans, birds, ruminants, horses, pigs

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6
Q

what species do rhodococcus infect

A

herbivores

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7
Q

what is an important disease in small ruminants caused by corynebacterium, and what specific species is the bacteria

A

corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis causes caseous lymphadenitis

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8
Q

what is the causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis

A

corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

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9
Q

what shape do corynebacterium spp. take

A

pleomorphic: rods, cocci, clubs

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10
Q

corynebacterium are commensals of (2)

A

skin and mm

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11
Q

what type of infection (appearance) do corynebacterium cause

A

pyogenic

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12
Q

what are 2 important tests to diagnose C. pseudotuberculosis

A

gamma interferon test and serology

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13
Q

what is the purpose of the gamma interferon test

A

checks for a type 1 cellular immunity response, characteristic of mycolata

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14
Q

T/F C. pseudotuberculosis is contagious and zoonotic

A

T

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15
Q

what is the typical “structure” of C. pseudotuberculosis lesions

A

caseous lymphadenitis with an onion ring structure

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16
Q

what is the consequence of in vitro vs in vivo antibiotic use against corynebacterium

A

in vitro effective but in vivo problematic due to intracellular nature of pathogen and poor penetration of granulomas

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17
Q

describe the vaccine against corynebacterium

A

poor efficacy and major side effects such as microabscessation

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18
Q

how do we control corynebacterium infection

A

culling based on blood test results

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19
Q

how does mycobacterium stain and what does this mean

A

weakly gram positive, requires acid-fast stain to see

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20
Q

mycobacterium spp. survive well or poorly in the environment

A

well, but slow growing

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21
Q

what type of infections do mycobacterium spp. cause

A

chronic granulomatous infections

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22
Q

T/F domestic animal species are susceptible to M. tuberculosis

A

F; only humans and primates

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23
Q

what species are susceptible to M. bovis

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A

ruminants, humans, horses, pigs

24
Q

what species are susceptible to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis

25
T/F M. bovis is reportable and zoonotic
T
26
what is the major implication of wildlife species being infected with M. bovis
wildlife reservoir
27
describe the pathogenesis of tuberculosis
starts with inhalation of infectious particles -> lungs -> pulmonary macrophage -> infected macrophage migrates to local LN -> from there innate control results in either healing or acute disease or containment -> from containment (i.e. granuloma) the disease becomes latent -> <10% of the time it reactivates and then can cause disease and spread
28
what type of cellular response is induced by tuberculosis (M. bovis for example)
TH1 response with IFN-γ
29
how is M. bovis usually diagnosed
at slaughter using the tuberculin test; then traced back to farm and the remaining animals are tested
30
if you wanted to examine a tissue sample for M. bovis, how would you stain it
using acid-fast
31
why is culture not a great option to diagnose bovine tuberculosis caused by M. bovis and what is a better detection method in this case
slow culture; DNA-based methods (or staining or tuberculin test)
32
what is the treatment for M. bovis
culling
33
where does M. bovis persist in Canada? what other gram-positive aerobic bacteria is also endemic to this area?
Wood Buffalo National Park (AB); Bacillus anthracis
34
T/F avian tuberculosis is zoonotic
T
35
what is the causative agent of avian tuberculosis
Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium, MAC
36
in what ways is avian tuberculosis similar to bovine tuberculosis
entry by air, chronic infection, granulomatous
37
T/F Johne's disease is zoonotic
T
38
what is the causative agent of Johne's disease
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis
39
how does M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis like to grow
on lipid rich media
40
how do we visualize M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (what stain)
acid-fast stain
41
how is John's spread
milk, pasture, in utero
42
what does M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cause
granulomatous enteritis, cachexia, diarrhea
43
If you diagnose an animal with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Johne's) why would you immediately shit yourself
because if there are clinical animals in the herd there are way more (60%) subclinical animals also present in the herd that are shedding the bacteria... you're fucked
44
T/F there is a genetic predisposition to Johne's
T
45
how do we treat and prevent Johne's
culling of infected and sick animals; detecting and culling subclinical shedders using serology and gamma interferon test
46
how do rhodococcus stain
gram positive and slightly acid-fast
47
T/F R. equi is zoonotic and reportable
F; zoonotic but not reportable
48
what does R. equi cause in foals
pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia
49
what is the epidemiology of R. equi in foals
associated with heavy contamination of the environment and susceptibility is highest when maternal antibodies are waning
50
what is unique about the virulence of R. equi
contains virulence plasmids
51
how do virulent strains of R. equi influence the immune response
infect and survive in macrophages, but macrophages are required to induce a type 1 immune response to kill the bacteria; it also downregulates TH1 cells and can drive an inappropriate TH2 response
52
how do you treat R. equi
long term treatment with rifampin and macrolides
53
how do you prevent R. equi
dust control; colostrum; reduced manure load
54
how would a laboratory confirm a suspected case of tuberculosis
PCR, acid-fast staining of tissue, culture (slow)
55
how could you assess whether live animals on a farm were exposed to M. bovis
whole blood gamma interferon test
56
T/F if you detect caseous lymphadenitis you should treat with antibiotics
F; there will be poor penetration of the antibiotics so it is a waste

POD (45 decks)

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