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Anatomy NOTES > DAY 1 1-30 > Flashcards

DAY 1 1-30 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

Standing upright
Head and eyes directed anterior
Arms adjacent to the sides with palms supinated
Lower limbs close together with feet parallel

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2
Q

How many bones are there in the human body?

A

206

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3
Q

4 parts of the skeletal system

A

Bones
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments

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4
Q

Blood Cell formation is the function of the bone marrow which is located where?

A

In medullary cavities of bones

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5
Q

Basis of classification of bones

A

Location, Shape, Nature, Development

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6
Q

Based on location, there are two types of bone

A

Axial or Appendicular

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7
Q

COmponents of the axial skeletal system

A 
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax
Hyoid
RIbs
Sternum
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8
Q

Appendicular skeleton components

A 
Limbs
Pectoral Girdle
Pelvic Girdle
Scapula
Clavicle
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9
Q

The clavicle is what type of bone according to location?

A

APPENDICULAR

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10
Q

4 types of bone according to shape

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

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11
Q

Long bones versus short bones

A

Long bones have a shaft with heads at both ends
Longer than wide
Ex. Femur, humerus, metacarpals, metatarsals (Phallanges)

SHort bones are cube-shaped, mostly spongy bone
Ex. Carpals, Tarsals, Calcaneous

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12
Q

Characteristics of flat bone

A

Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
Ex. Skull, sternum, ribs

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13
Q

Characteristics of irregular bones

A

Irregular shape

Ex. Vertebrae hip

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14
Q

Diaphysis versus Epiphysis

A

Diaphysis is the shaft, compact bone

Epiphysis is the distal or proximal ends, spongy

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15
Q

Covers the external epiphysis and decreases friction at joint surfaces, MADE OF HYALINE

A

Articulate cartilage

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16
Q

In the medullary the cavity:
Yellow marrow
Red marrow

A

Yellow is fat, red marrow is blood cell formation

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17
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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18
Q

3 types of fibers

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

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19
Q

Two type of bones based on nature

A
  1. Compact

2. Spongy

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20
Q

Types of Bones based on development

A
  1. Intramembranous/Direct

2. Intracartilaginous/endochondral- indirect

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21
Q

Example of endochondral bone formation

A

All except Flat bones: skull, mandible, clavicles

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22
Q

Germ layer of origin of bones

A
  1. Paraaxial mesoderm: axial bones and muscles

2. Somatic mesoderm/lateral: appendicular skeleton and muscles

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23
Q

Classification of joints based on mobility

A

Synarthroses: immovable
Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable
Diarthroses: freely movable

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24
Q

Classification of joints based on connecting medium

A

Fibrous joint - immovable
Ew. Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphosis (dentalalveolar joint)

Cartilaginous joints- slightly moveable
Ex. Pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc

Synovial joint- freely moveable

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25
Q

The immovable joints are also known as?

A

Synarthroses or fibrous joints

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26
Q

Articulate cartilage covers the ends of the bones and is made up of

A

Hyaline

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27
Q

Type of carilaginous joint when it is made up of Hyaline

Give an example

A 
Primary cartilaginous joint
Costal cartilage (sternum, ribs)
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28
Q

Secondary cartilaginous joint, composition, alternative name, example

A

Made up of Fibrocartilage
Symphysis
Pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc

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29
Q

Type of synovial joint based on shape

Shoulder/hip

A

Ball and socket/earth roses

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30
Q

Type of synovial joint based on shape

Acromioclavicular. Sternoclavicular

A

Plane

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31
Q

Type of joint: elbow, knees, ankle, based on shape

A

Hinge/GInglymus`

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32
Q

Example of pivot/trochoid joint

A

Radio ulnar, atlantoaxial

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33
Q

Wrist is what type of joint (shape)

A

Ellipsoidal

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34
Q

Example of condyloid joints

A

MCP/Knuckles

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35
Q

Carpometacarpal of thumb is a

A

Saddle joint

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36
Q

Anterior boundary the of the axial a

A

Pectoral group
Pectoral is minor and major
Subclavius

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37
Q

Posterior border of the axilla

A

Sub scapular
Latissimus Dorsi
Teres major

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38
Q

Medial (Costal) Boundary of the axilla

A

2nd to 6th ribs, and intercostal muscles

Serratus anterior muscle

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39
Q

Lateral (numeral) border of the axilla

A

Humerus
Biceps short and long heads
Coracobrachialis

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40
Q

Apex of the axilla

A

Clavicle
Border of the scapula
First rib

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41
Q

Base of the axilla

A

Subcutaneous fascia

Axillary fascia

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42
Q

Contents of the axilla

A

Axillary artery and vein

Brachial plexus

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43
Q

THe Axillary fascia covers the contents of the axilla. This fascia is the lateral prolongation of the ________ and extends up to the elbow

A

Prevertebral fascia

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44
Q

In a brachial nerve plexus block, the position is verified by

A

Feeling the pulsation of the third part of the Axillary artery

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45
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis

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46
Q

Rotator cuff is weakest at

A

Inferiorly (no muscles)

47
Q

2 abductors of the shoulder and their nerve supply

A

Supraspinatus: supra scapular
Deltoid: Axillary

48
Q

Two lateral rotators of the shoulder

A

Teres minor: Axillary

Infraspinatus: suprascapular

49
Q

Medial rotators of the forearm and the nerve supply

A

Teres major: lower subscapular

Subscapularis: upper subscapular

50
Q

What happens if you injure the Axillary nerve?

A

Supplies your deltoid and teres minor
Deltoid: abductor
Teres minor: lateral rotator

51
Q

Most common dislocation of the shoulder joint

A

Anterior inferior dislocation

52
Q

Most commonly affected tendon of the rotator cuff muscles

A

Supra spinets

53
Q

Borders of the quadrangular space

A

Teres minor above
Teres major below
Long head, triceps medially
Surgical neck of the humerus laterally

54
Q

Contents of the quadrangular space

A 
Axillary nerve (circumflex nerve)
Posterior circumflex humeral artery
55
Q

Borders of the triangular space

A

Above Teres minor
Below Teres major
Laterally long head of triceps

56
Q

Passes through triangular space

A

Circumflex scapular nerves

57
Q

Injury sustained when surgical neck of the humerus is fractures

A

Axillary nerve injury

58
Q

Anterior compartment of the arm are flexors. This muscle can also adduct the arm

A

Corachobrachialis

59
Q

Main flexor of the forearm

A

Brachial is

60
Q

Main supination of the forearm

A

Biceps branchii

61
Q

Posterior arm compartment is extensor. Innervated by

A

Radial nerve

62
Q

Anterior arm compartment innervated by

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

63
Q

Main extensor of the forearm

A

Triceps branchii

64
Q

Flexors of the forearm are innervated by the

A

Musculocutaneous nerve except FCU, FDP (ulnar)

65
Q

Common flexor tendon

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

66
Q

Common origin of

A 
Pronator Teres
FCR
Palmaris long us
FCU
FDS
67
Q

Extensor muscles of the forearm are supplied by the

A

Radial nerve

68
Q

All posterior compartment muscles in the forearm are extensor a except

A

Brachioradialis (flexor)

69
Q

Common extensor tendon

A

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

70
Q

Inflammation of a common tendon in the forearm due to repetitive flexion and pronation at the elbow

A

Golfer’s (medial epicondylitis)

71
Q

DUe to forced extension and flexion of the forearm at the elbow

A

Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)

72
Q

Contents of the cubical fossa medial to lateral

A

Median nerve
Brachial artery
Biceps brachii tendon
Radial nerve

73
Q

Boundaries of the cubital fossa

A

Lateral
Medial
Upper
Floor

74
Q

Nerve supply of the thenar muscles

A

Median

75
Q

Thenar muscles

A

Opponents pollicis
Abductor policies brevis
Flexor policies brevis

76
Q

Innervates interossei

A

Ulnar

77
Q

Palmar interossei

A

Adduct fingers

78
Q

Dorsal interossei

A

Abduct fingers

79
Q

Flexes the PIP joints, innervation

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis, median nerve

80
Q

FLexes DIP joint

A

Ulnar and median neve

81
Q

Hypo thenar innervation

A

Ulnar nerve

82
Q

Hypothenar muscles

A

Abductor, flexor, opponents digits minimize

83
Q

Brachial Plexus anatomy

A

5 roots, 3 trunks, 6 divisions, 3 cords, 5 branches

84
Q

Draw the brachial plexus

A

Hahaha

85
Q

Supplies rhomboid a

A

Dorsal scapular C5

86
Q

Supplies serratus anterior

A

Long thoracic C5-C7

87
Q

Branches of the upper trunk

A

Subclavius

Suprascapular

88
Q

Supplies latissimus Dorsi

A

Thoracodorsal c6-c8

89
Q

Reflexes tested C5-C7

A

C5 biceps branchii
C6 brachioradialis
C7 triceps

90
Q

Characteristics of Erb DUchenne

A

C5-C6
Arm adducted, MR, extended, wrist and carpals flexed, forearm pronated
Altered sensation in the LATERAl forearm

91
Q

Klumpke’s

A 
C8-T1 region
Distal muscles affected
Altered sensation in medial hand 
Weak intrinsic hand muscles
APE and CLAW
92
Q

Brachial plexus injury

  1. Fall on shoulder, difficult delivery
  2. Stab, excessive abduction of the arm
A
  1. EB

2. KP

93
Q

Winged Scapula is a defect of the

A

Long thoracic nerve supplying the serratus anterior

94
Q

Difficulty in climbing, elevating the trunk , extension, adduction, internal rotation (?)

A

Latissimus Dorsi affectation: thoracodorsal nerve

95
Q

Dislocated head of the humerus, fracture of the surgical numeral neck

A

Axillary nerve injury

96
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve lesion manifests as

A

Weakness in flexion (brachialis) and supination (biceps brachii)

97
Q

Spiral fracture of the mid shaft

A

Radial nerve

98
Q

Proximal lesion of the median nerve manifesting as altered cutaneous sensation of the lateral 3.5 digits, thenar eminence and also weakness in wrist flexion, flexion of thumb and lateral fingers is from

A

Supra condylar fracture of the humerus

99
Q

Lunate dislocation

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

100
Q

Carpal tunnel consists of

A

4 FDS
4FDP
Tendon FPL
Median nerve

101
Q

Proximal ulnar nerve lesion

A

Medial epicondyle fracture of the humerus
Parenthesis over medial fingers
Weakness in flexion of the medial fingers and wrist flexion (FCU)

102
Q

Distal ulnar nerve lesion

A

Fracture of hook of hamate

CLAW hand

103
Q

Pectoral is Major I, A

A

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves, addicts arm and internal rotates

104
Q

Pectoral is minor

A

Medial pectoral nerve, depresses point of shoulder

105
Q

Depresses the clavicle

A

Subclavius

106
Q

Draws the scapula forward

A

Serratus anterior/ Long Thoracic nerve

107
Q

The radial pulse can be palates between

A

Medial: flexor Carpi radial is tendon
Lateral: tendon of brachioradialis

108
Q

Supracondylar fracture of the humerus what nerve is injured?

A

Median

109
Q

Midshaft/spiral groove numeral fracture nerve and arterial injury

A

Radial nerve, profounda brachii

110
Q

Surgical neck of the humerus nerve and arterial injury

A

AXILLARY NERVE, posterior circumflex artery

111
Q

Medial epicondyle fracture of the humerus

A

Ulnar nerve injury

112
Q

Borders of the anatomical snuffbox

A

Lateral: tendons of the extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus
Medial: EPL
Floor: Scaphoid

113
Q

Bennett’s fracture

A

Fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone, thumb is forcefully abducted

114
Q

Boxer’s fracture

A

Oblique fracture of the 4th and 5th metacarpals

Anatomy NOTES (3 decks)

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