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BIO 204 Microbiology > Ch. 1-3 > Flashcards

Ch. 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are microorganisms?

A

Microorganisms are Bacteria, Algae, Protozoa, Helminths (worms), Fungi, and Viruses.

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2
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes are larger and have a true nucleus while prokaryotes a smaller and do not have a true nucleus.

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3
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Pathogens are any agent such as a protozoan, or Helminths that cause diseases.

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4
Q

What are parasites?

A

Parasites are microorganisms that are harbored and nourished by the host.

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5
Q

What are decomposers?

A

Decomposes are bacterias and fungus that breakdown dead matter and waste.

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6
Q

What does the theory of evolution state?

A

The theory of evolution states that organisms under go changes over time as they adapt to their environment.

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7
Q

What is the fields of genetic engineering?

A

Genetic engineering manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

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8
Q

What is the fields of biotechnology?

A

Biotechnology manipulates microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting.

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9
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

Bioremediation is the introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants.

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10
Q

What contributions come from Leeuwenhoek?

A

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek made a crude microscope to examine threads in fabrics. He also made drawings of what he called “animaicules” in rainwater and scraped from his teeth.

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11
Q

What contributions come from Pasteur?

A

Pasteur invented pasteurization and showed that human diseases could arise from infection.

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12
Q

What contributions come from Lister?

A

Lister was the first to utilize hand washing and misting operating rooms with antiseptic chemicals; his techniques became the foundation for modern microbial control still in use today.

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13
Q

What contributions come from Koch?

A

Koch linked a specific microorganism with a specific disease. He also established a series of proofs that verified the germ theory of disease.

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14
Q

What contributions come from Woese?

A

Woese along with George Fox studied the small subunit of the ribosome and proposed a separate taxonomic unit: Archaea. They also proposed a new taxonomic system representing three domains: bacteria, archaea, and Eukarya.

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15
Q

What contributions come from Fox?

A

Fox along with Carl Woese studied the small subunit of the ribosome and proposed a separate taxonomic unit: Archaea. They also proposed a new taxonomic system representing three domains: bacteria, archaea, and Eukarya.

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16
Q

What contributions come from Whittaker?

A

Whittaker added a 5th kingdom: Fungi. He also proved that all kingdoms encompassed the two cell types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic; his system became the standard in the 1960s.

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17
Q

What does the study of rRNA help determine?

A

The study of rRNA helped determine evolution.

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18
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A

Developed the Germ Theory of Disease

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19
Q

How is a scientific name written?

A

The genus name always goes first and starts with a capital letter. The specific epithet (species) goes second and starts with a lower case letter. Both the genus and species should be italicized when in print and underlined when hand written.

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20
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Taxonomy is the science of classifying living beings.

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21
Q

List the 5 traditional kingdoms.

A

The 5 traditional kingdoms are plants, fungi, animals, protista, and Monera.

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22
Q

List characteristics of the Protista kingdom.

A

Protists are single-celled, eukaryotic organisms.

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23
Q

List characteristics of the Monera kingdom.

A

Monera are prokaryotes meaning they have no true nucleus.

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24
Q

List characteristics of the Animal kingdom.

A

Animals are eukaryotic organism that develop from embryos and internally digest their food.

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25
Q

List characteristics of the Fungi kingdom.

A

Fungi do not develop from embryos and externally ingest their food.

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26
Q

List characteristics of the Plants kingdom.

A

Plants undergo photosynthesis.

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27
Q

What are helminths?

A

Helminths are worms.

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28
Q

What is sterility?

A

Sterility is keeping things free of all life forms including endoscopes and virus particles. Sterility is also known as aseptic.

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29
Q

Know the sequence of taxonomic hierarchy

A

The Taxonomic hierarchy from most inclusive to least inclusive is Domain, Kingdom, Phylum (Division), Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

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30
Q

Know the key characteristics of viruses.

A

Viruses are non- cellular organisms made up of genetic material and proteins that can invade living cells.
Viruses are considered living and non living.

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31
Q

Know the parts of the scientific method.

A
  1. Make an Observation
  2. Develop a Hypothesis
  3. Make an Experiment
  4. Carry out the Experiment and Analyze results
  5. Draw Conclusions
32
Q

Know the difference between oxidation and reduction.

A

Oxidation- the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom, or ion. Gain of oxygen, loss of hydrogen
Reduction- the gain of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom, or ion. Loss/removal of oxygen, gain of hydrogen

33
Q

Know the characteristics of atoms.

A

Atoms are tiny particles that cannot be subdivided into smaller substances without losing their properties. L

34
Q

Know about electrons in orbitals, and valence number.

A

Orbitals are pathways in which electrons rotate around the nucleus; they represent volumes of space in which an electron is likely to be found. Two electrons are found in the first shell. Eight electrons must fill the valence shell in order for the atom to be satisfied.

35
Q

How do electrons affect bonding?

A

Electrons affect bonding by being gained, lost, or shared between two or more atoms.

36
Q

Knowing the different types of bonds.

A

Covalent bonds form between atoms that share electrons and are the strongest bonds. Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another. Hydrogen bonds form due too attractive forces between nearby atoms or molecules and are the weakest bonds.

37
Q

What is the difference in ions, isotopes, and molecules?

A

Ions are atoms or molecules that are charged because the number of electrons in the atom or molecules does not equal the number of protons. Isotopes are variant forms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons. Molecules are distinct chemical substances that result from two or more atoms.

38
Q

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar molecules?

A

Polar molecules result when a molecule is formed between two molecules that have different electronegativity while nonpolar molecules form when atoms have similar electronegativity.

39
Q

Know about the pH scale and how pH of 4 compares to pH of 5.

A

The pH scale measures the acid and base concentration of solutions ranging from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic). A pH of 4 is 10x more acidic than a pH of 5.

40
Q

What determines an acid and a base?

A

Acids and bases are determined by their number of the pH scale. A pH of 0-5 is acidic while a pH of 8-14 is basic.

41
Q

What is the monomer unit for each macromolecule.

A

A monomer is the basic unit that binds chemically to other molecules to form a polymer.

  • For lipids, the monomers are glycerol and fatty acids.
  • For proteins, the monomers are amino acids.
  • For nucleic acids, the monomers are nucleotides which is made of a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
  • monosaccharide -for carbohydrate
42
Q

What are examples of each type of macromolecule?

A

Carbohydrates= simple sugars. Lipids= glycerols and fatty acids. Proteins= amino acids. Nucleic acids= nucleotides.

43
Q

What are functions of each type of macromolecule?

Nucleic acid

A

Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA are molecules that enables living organisms to reproduce genetic information from one generation to the next

44
Q

How are monomer units joined/linked together?

A

A Monomer is a molecule that is able to bond in long chains to make polymers.
This linking up of monomers is called polymerization.

45
Q

What is ATP?

A

ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate is composed of Adenine, Ribose, and three phosphate molecules. ATP releases energy when the bond is broken between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates. It makes energy

46
Q

What is the difference between a purine and pyrimidines?

A

Purines such as Adenine and Guanine are composed of two rings while pyrimidines such as Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil are composed of one ring.

47
Q

What are some examples of purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine are purines.

48
Q

What are some examples of pyrimidines?

A

Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil are pyrimidines.

49
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated fats are saturated with hydrogen causing them to only have single bonds between carbon atoms while unsaturated fats are not saturated with hydrogen causing them to have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

50
Q

What are characteristics of enzymes?

A
  • Catalysts for chemical reactions in cells

- specificity comes from the unique patterns in enzyme binding sites

51
Q

What bonds are formed between amino acids during protein synthesis?

A

Peptide bonds are formed between amino acids during protein synthesis.

52
Q

What are the Five I’s of studying microorganisms?

A

The Five I’s are Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Inspection, and Identification.

53
Q

What is inoculation?

A

Inoculation is the introduction of microbes into media for culture.

54
Q

What is the difference between the selective and differential media?

A

Selective media contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes and encourage a select microbe to grow while differential media allows multiple types of microorganisms to grow, but display visible differences between colonies.

55
Q

What is the difference between synthetic and complex media?

A

Synthetic media has chemical compositions that are precisely chemically defined while complex media has at least one component that is not chemically definable.

56
Q

Why is agar an important component of some media?

A

Agar is an important component of some media because microbes can not use it as a food source and it allows for easier observations of microbe growth.

57
Q

What type of medium is essential for discrete, isolated colonies?

A

Solid media is essential for discrete, isolate colonies.

58
Q

What is a pure culture?

A

Pure culture is a container of medium that contains only a single known species or type of microorganism.

59
Q

What is contamination?

A

Contamination is the joining of unwanted microbes of uncertain identities being introduced to once pure or mixed cultures.

60
Q

What are fastidious bacteria?

A

-concerning an organism that has precise nutritional and environmental requirements for growth and survival.

61
Q

What is resolution?

A

Resolution is the capacity of an optical system to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects or points from one another.

62
Q

Explain how to figure magnification on the microscope.

A

Magnifying power of the microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the ocular lens by the power of the objective lens.

63
Q

How does limit of resolution impact cell visibility in a microscope?

A

The better the resolution the better the visibility of the cell. Lower resolutions result in lower visibility of the cell.

64
Q

What are the functions of the parts of the light microscope.

A

.

65
Q

Compare and contrast bright-field and electron microscopy.

A

Electron microscope use electrons for visualization

Bright-field microscope uses light rays for visibility

66
Q

What specimen preparation is best for viewing cell motility?

A

Hanging drop

67
Q

How does simple staining compare to differential staining procedures?

A

Simple staining is one dye while differential staining is two dyes that use grain-positive stain that is purple and grain-negative stain that is red-pink.

68
Q

How does immersion oil help when using a microscope?

A

Oil immersion is a technique used to increase the resolving power of a microscope.

69
Q

Know how the taxon compare/fit with the others.

A

.

70
Q

Know the characteristics of protons.

A

Protons are positively charged and found in the nucleus.

71
Q

Know the characteristics of neutrons.

A

Neutrons have no charge and found in the nucleus.

72
Q

Know the characteristics of electrons.

A

Electrons are negatively charged and found in the orbitals surrounding the nucleus.

73
Q

What are functions of each type of macromolecule?

Carbohydrates

A

Molecules that provide fuel and build structures in the body

73
Q

What are functions of each type of macromolecule?

Proteins

A

Molecules that provide structure support, storage, transport, cell communion, movement, and defense.

74
Q

What are functions of each type of macromolecule?

Lipids

A

Molecules that store energy and regulate the body’s metabolic processes

BIO 204 Microbiology (12 decks)

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