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BIO 204 Microbiology > Ch 10 > Flashcards

Ch 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

DNA in which one or more segments or genes have been inserted, either naturally or by laboratory manipulation, from a different molecule or from another part of the same molecule, resulting in a new genetic combination

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2
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

The use of living organisms or other biological systems in the manufacture of drugs or other products or for environmental management, as in waste recycling: includes the use of bio reactors in manufacturing, microorganisms to degrade oil slicks or organic waste, genetically engineered bacteria to produce human hormones, and monoclonal antibodies to identify antigens

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3
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The development and application of scientific methods, procedures, and technologies that permit direct manipulation of genetic material in order to alter the hereditary traits of a cell, organism, or population

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4
Q

What are gene probes?

A

A short stretch of DNA of a known sequence that will base-pair with a stretch of DNA with a complementary stretch of DNA if it exists in a sample

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5
Q

What is the process of gel electrophoresis?

A
  • Samples of DNA are placed in compartments in a soft agar gel and subjected to an electrical current
  • The negative charge on the phosphate groups cause the DNA to move toward the positive pole on the gel
  • The rate of movement of DNA through the gel is based on the size of the fragments
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6
Q

What is the function of gel electrophoresis?

A
  • useful in characterizing DNA fragments

- allow for comparison of genetic similarities among samples in a genetic fingerprint

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7
Q

What are palindromes?

A

A segment of double-stranded DNA in which the nucleotide sequence of one strand reads in reverse order to that of the complementary strand.

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8
Q

Know the function of restriction endonucleases

A
  • clip DNA crosswise at selected positions
  • recognize foreign DNA
  • capable of breaking the phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides on both strands of DNA
  • protect bacteria and archaea from bacteriophage or plasmids
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9
Q

What is the advantage of bacteria producing restriction endonucleases?

A

Restriction enzymes are the bacteria’s form of an ‘immune system’ against viruses (which can infect bacteria).
When viruses try to insert their own DNA into a bacteria’s genome, the restriction enzymes detect this foreign DNA and cut it out so that the viruses can’t replicate and kill the cell.

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10
Q

What is the function of reverse transcriptase?

A
  • replicate HIV and other retroviruses

- able to convert RNA into DNA

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11
Q

What is the function of reverse ligase?

A
  • necessary to seal sticky ends together by rejoining the phosphate-sugar bonds cut by endonucleases
  • main application is final splicing of genes into plasmids and chromosomes
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12
Q

Know the process and function of PCR (include primers, enzymes used, and temps).

A
  • utilizes a thermal cycler that automatically performs the cyclic temperature changes
  • three basic steps:
    • Denaturation
    • Priming
    • Extension
  • DNA polymerase used
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13
Q

Given two DS fragments of DNA, determine how many would be present after 5 PCR cycles.

A

.

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14
Q

What is transformation?

A

transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membran

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15
Q

How is the size of a strand of DNA usually given?

A

The relative sizes of Nucleic acids are denoted by the number of base pairs (bp) they contain

Example: an average gene in E. coli is 1,300 bp or 1.3 kilo bases

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16
Q

What is a genetic library?

A
  • genes maintained in a cloning host and vector, just like microbial pure culture
  • collections of cDNA clones that represent the entire genome of numerous organisms
17
Q

What are FISH probes used to identify?

A
  • observed microscopically for the presence and location of specific genetic marker sequences on genes
  • a very effective way to identify genes on chromosomes
  • also effective in identifying bacteria living in natural habitats without culturing them
  • used to detect RNA in cells and tissues
18
Q

What are features in a cloning host?

A
  • rapid turnover; fast growth rate
  • can be grown in large quantities using ordinary culture methods
  • no pathogenic
  • genome that is well delineated (mapped)
  • capable of accepting plasmid or bacteriophage vectors
  • maintains foreign genes through multiple generations
  • will secrete a high yield of proteins from expressed foreign genes
19
Q

Know the steps in recombinant DNA (gene cloning and product retrieval).

A
  1. select gene of interest
  2. Excise gene with restriction endonuclease
  3. isolate gene with gel electrophoresis
  4. insert gene into vector (plasmid or virus) with complementary bases
  5. transform host cell with vector
  6. replicate gene when cell reproduces
  7. produces protein. transcribe and translate (can make gallons of the protein)
20
Q

What are examples of genetically engineered proteins?

A

.

21
Q

What example of genetically engineered proteins was first approved for human use?

A

Insulin

22
Q

What are characteristics of a transgenic animal?

A
  • production of biofuels
  • unlike yeast and bacteria, animals can express human genes in organs and organ systems that are very similar to those of humans
23
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

Repair or correction of a faulty gene in humans suffering from a fatal or debilitating disease

24
Q

What is antisense therapy?

A

In antisense gene therapy, short single-stranded pieces of chemically modified nucleotides, known as oligonucleotides are inserted into cells. These short strands are sometimes abbreviated as “oligos” and are chemically engineered to be complementary to specific mRNA in the cell

25
Q

What does antisense therapy accomplish?

A

The antisense strand serves as the template for messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis. Antisense RNA is the non-coding strand complementary to a coding sequence of mRNA, a molecule involved in translating genetic instructions into proteins. Antisense RNA hybridizes with and inactivates mRNA.

26
Q

Given a mRNA sequence, make the antisense strand.

A

IN PHOTOS

27
Q

What is DNA finger printing?

A

DNA fingerprinting developed by Alex Jeffery’s- a technique used to identify people for forensics (crimes or death), genetic ancestry, medical diagnosis. Figures out the pattern of restriction enzymes fragments that is unique for an individual.

28
Q

How does human DNA compare with mice DNA?

A

.

29
Q

What types of organisms have been genetically modified?

A
  • yeast

- bacteria

30
Q

What is it called when Nucleic acids unite at complementary sites?

A

nucleic acid hybridization

31
Q

What are vectors?

A

Plasmids or bacteriophages with a gene from a donor host that are inserted into cloning hosts

32
Q

How are vectors used?

A

Genes from a donor host are inserted into the vector which is then inserted into a cloning host

BIO 204 Microbiology (12 decks)

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