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Sensations and Perceptions > Chapter 1-introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1-introduction Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

the ability to detect a stimulus and, perhaps, to turn that detection into a private experience, getting info in

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2
Q

perception

A

act of giving meaning to a detected sensation, internal endpoint, manifestation

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3
Q

transduction

A

conversion, neural energy

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4
Q

who studies sensations and perceptions

A

multidisciplinary-psychology, biology, computer science, linguists, etc.

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5
Q

study of sensations and perceptions is a _____ pursuit and requires _____ methods

A

scientific

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6
Q

thresholds

A

finding the limits of what can be perceived, tool

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7
Q

scaling

A

measuring private experience, report of “more” or “less”

are your qualia (private experiences) the same as others

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8
Q

signal detection theory

A

decision making in the presence of noise (neuronoise, external noise)

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9
Q

sensory neuroscience

A

the biology of sensation and perception, sensory receptors and nerves

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10
Q

neuroimaging

A

image of the mind, tool

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11
Q

relationship between mind and body using math-who?

A

Fechner

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12
Q

psychophysics

A

the science of defining quantitative relationships between physical and psychological (subjective) events

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13
Q

perceive motion/change with more or less luminance

A

high

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14
Q

psychophysics example

A

2 point touch threshold

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15
Q

just noticeable difference

A

smallest detecable difference between 2 stimuli, or the minimum change in a stimulus that can be correctly judged as different from a reference stimulus. are they the same or different?

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16
Q

another term for JND

A

difference threshold

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17
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a person to detect stimulus 50% of the time

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18
Q

is the absolute threshold fixed

A

no, varies slightly based on noise (neural, sensory)

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19
Q

who discovered that they smallest change in astimulus that can be detected is a constant proportion of the stimulus level

A

Ernst Weber

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20
Q

Weber’s law

A

the principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the JND is a constant fraction of the comparison stimulus

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21
Q

JND example

A

lifting weights, 1 stays the same while the other increases. better at detecting a difference when the standard weight is lighter

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22
Q

what stimulus values have larger JNDs?

what stimulus values have smaller JNDs?

A

larger

smaller

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23
Q

weber’s law is constant ____ difference

A

relative; fraction 1:100

24
Q

as the stimulus increases, need to ____ different weights to detect difference

A

increase

25
Q

method of constant stimuli

A

many stimuli, ranging from rarely to almost always perceivable, are presented one at a time. controlled by researcher
show stimuli equal number of times

26
Q

method of adjustment

A

participant controls the stimulus directly, increasing or decreasing values until it switches between being perceivable and not perceivable. subjective, spend more time in the middle

27
Q

magnitude estimation

A

participant assigns values according to perceived magnitudes of the stimuli

28
Q

stevens power law

A

describes the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation; describes magnitude estimates

29
Q

sevens power law formula

A

S=aI^b

S=scaling strength
I=stimulus intensity
^b=exponent, depend on type of stimulus
a=personal/subjective scaling, varied from person to person

30
Q

magnitude

A

present stimuli, rate on scale

31
Q

y=x^b, what happens to JND if
b>1
b=1
0<b></b>

A

JND shrinks
JND is constant absolute difference
Webers law-JND is constant relative difference

32
Q

signal detection theory

A

the brains response to a stimulus is variable; quantifies response of observer to the presentation of a signal in the presence of noise

33
Q

criterion for signal

A

decisions on the presence or absence of a stimulus or for same or different judgments use criteria; internal threshold set by the observer; changing it changes the hits and false alarms

34
Q

receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve)

A

graphical plotting of hit rate as a function of false alarm rate

35
Q

doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

formulated by johannes muller stating that the nature of sensation depends on WHICH sensor fibers are stimulated, not how they are stimulated

36
Q

polysensory areas

A

information from several senses combined

37
Q

synapse

A

junction between neurons that permits information transfer

38
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical substance used in neuronal communicatino at synapses

39
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential, causes action potential

40
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential, inhibits the action potential

41
Q

layout of neuron

A 
D -dendrite
C -cell 
B  body
A -axon
Synapse
D
C
B
A
42
Q

action potential

A

depolarize axon with Na+
EPSP depolarized, less different from 0
IPSP hyperpolarized, more different from 0

43
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)
space resolution
time resolution
invasive?

A

technique that, using many electrodes on the scalp, measures electrical activity from populations of many neurons in the brain
low
high (ms)
no

44
Q

event related potential (ERP)

A

measure of electrical activity from a subpopulation of neurons in response to particular stimulus that requires AVERAGING many EEG recordings

45
Q

computerized tomography (CT)
space resolution
time resolution
invasive?

A

imaging technology that uses xrays to create images of slices through volumes of material, structural
high
very low (years)
no

46
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)
space resolution
time resolution
invasive?

A

variant of MRI that makes it possible to measure localized patterns of activity in the brain. activated neurons provoke increased blood flow, which can be quantivied by measuring changed of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to strong magnetic fields
medium
medium (sec)
no

47
Q

lesion
space resolution
time resolution
invasive?

A

high/med
low (before/after)
very

48
Q

single unit
space resolution
time resolution
invasive?

A

Electrophysiology, what neurons are doing
very high
very high (ms)
yes

49
Q

clinical
space resolution
time resolution
invasive?

A

med
low (before/after)
yes

50
Q

sense: sight/vision
stimulus info
receptor type
brain area

A

light/photons
photoreceptor
occipital lobe

51
Q

sense: touch/somatosensation
stimulus info
receptor type
brain area

A

temperature, pressure/vibration
thermoreceptor, mechanoreceptor, nociceptor
parietal lobe

52
Q

sense: hearing/audition
stimulus info
receptor type
brain area

A

sound/pressure wave
mechanoreceptor
temporal lobe

53
Q

sense: taste/gestation
stimulus info
receptor type
brain area

A

chemicals
chemoreceptor
insular cortex

54
Q

sense: smell/olfaction
stimulus info
receptor type
brain area

A

odor molecules
chemoreceptor
piriform cortex

55
Q

sense: vestibuluar/balance orientation
stimulus info
receptor type
brain area

A

fluid pressure
mechanoreceptor
cerebellum, temporal lobe

56
Q

sense: proprioception
stimulus info
receptor type
brain area

A

muscle and joint stretch/pressure
mechanoreceptor
cerebellum, parietal lobe

Sensations and Perceptions (16 decks)

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