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Sensations and Perceptions > chapter 10-hearing in the environment > Flashcards

chapter 10-hearing in the environment Flashcards

1
Q

large portion of processing is done ___ A1

A

before

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2
Q

differences in structure of auditory and visual systems from

A

evolutionary reasons, subcortical vs cortical

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3
Q

primary auditory cortex is mapped

A

tonotopically

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4
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

A1; 1st area within temporal lobes of brain responsible for processing acoustic information; tones, frequencies

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5
Q

belt area

A

adjacent to A1 with inputs where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds, change in frequency over time

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6
Q

parabelt area

A

lateral and adjacent to belt area, complex sounds and integration across senses

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7
Q

what

A

temporal lobe (hearing and vision); identification and interpretation of sound

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8
Q

where

A

subcortical-superior olive; location

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9
Q

monaural pathway in the inferior colliculi may carry info about

A

what the sound is

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10
Q

binaural responses in the superior olive contains special neural circuits that computes ___ a sound originates

A

where

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11
Q

Monaural pathway

A

single ear processing to the superior colliculus, tone based, nature of the sound itself

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12
Q

MGN is like the

A

LGN

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13
Q

binaural reponses

A

location; comparison across 2 different ears; superior olive

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14
Q

how do you locate a sound

A

sound enters ears the same regardless of location; will be closer to one ear than the other

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15
Q

interaural time differences (ITD)

A

the difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other

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16
Q

azimuth

A

the angle of a sound source on the horizon relative to a point in the center of the head between the ears

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17
Q

azimuth is measure in ___, with 0 being ___ and 180 being ___

A

degrees, straight ahead, directly behind

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18
Q

azimuth angle is __ to the right and ___ to the left

A

positive, negative

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19
Q

if sound comes from directly in front of or behind someone LTD’s are ____

A

absent

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20
Q

LTD’s are greatest when

A

coming from one side to the other

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21
Q

size of circles is due to

A

temporal difference in location of sound

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22
Q

time unit of ITD

A

microseconds

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23
Q

threshold of ITD

A

~10-20 microseconds

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24
Q

ITD with what aspect of sound

A

phase

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25
Q

interaural level difference (ILD)

A

the difference in level (intensity) between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other

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26
Q

for frequencies greater than 1000 Hz, the head block some of the energy reaching the ___ ear

A

opposite

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27
Q

ILD is largest where; and nonexistent where

A

largest at 90 and -90; none at 0 and 180

28
Q

ILD generally correlated with ___ of sound source, but not the same as ITD

A

angle;due to frequency, irregular shape of the head

29
Q

level

A

amplitude

30
Q

ILD remains ___ for low frequencies; __ correlation

A

constant; low

31
Q

high frequency, __ correlation

A

high

32
Q

low frequency sounds use

A

ITD for best info

33
Q

high frequency sounds use

A

both ILD and ITD

34
Q

phase

A

precise timing

35
Q

superior olive

A

relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears come together; MSO and LSO; where llocation info is processed

36
Q

medial superior olive

A

ITDs

37
Q

lateral superior olive

A

ILDs; excitatory from ipsilateral and inhibitory from contralateral ear; sum across

38
Q

cone of confusion

A

region of positioins in space where all sounds produce the same ITDs and ILDs; problem of ambiguous info

39
Q

to solve the cone of confusion problem

A

turn head to disambiguate ILD/ITD similarity

40
Q

HRTF (head related transfer function)

A

filtering properties of our hed and ear; specific to individual; no physical movement, experience

41
Q

echolocation

A

using the returned/reflected sound that was produced by the observed in order to determine location and shape of objects in the world; gives 3D info of the world to blind person and they process it in the visual system

42
Q

sound localization uses

A

auditory distance perception

43
Q

simplest cue for auditory distance perception

A

relative intensity of sound; sounds are less intense with greater distance

44
Q

inverse-square law

A

as distance from a source increases, intensity decreases faster such that decrease in intensity is the distance squared; best within 1 meter of head

45
Q

spectral composition of sounds

A

higher frequencies decrease in energy more than lower frequencies as sound waves travel from source to one ear

46
Q

relative amounts of direct energy vs reverberant energy

A

reverberant-more auditory copies the further you are away

47
Q

harmonics

A

complex sounds have more than 1 frequency

48
Q

fundamental frequency

A

lowest frequency of harmonic spectrum

49
Q

missing fundamental effect

A

the pitch listeners hear corresponds to the fundamental frequency, even if it is missing

50
Q

lowest level fundamental aspect fill info

A

in

51
Q

if you have a sound and sum together, the output of summation has a

A

peak at 4 ms

52
Q

timbre

A

psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that two sounds with the same fundamental loudness and pitch are dissimilar

53
Q

in natural situation

A

acoustic environment is busy and has multiple sound sources

54
Q

source segregation (auditory scene analysis)

A

processing an auditory scene consisting of multiple sources into separate sound images; gestalt grouping by similarity and proximity

55
Q

source segregation; what

A

frequency content/timbre; similarity

56
Q

source segregation; where

A

location of the sound source; proximity

57
Q

grouping by timbre

A

tones that have increasing and decreasing frequencies will group either by pitch or timbre

58
Q

grouping by onset

A

when sounds being at the same time, they appear to be coming from the same sound sound

59
Q

how do we know that listeners really hear a sound as continuous

A

principle of good continuation

60
Q

principle of good continuation

A

in spite of interruptions, one can still “hear” a sound

61
Q

behavioral evidence for principle of good continuation

A

can’t tell if sound glide is present or not; brain fills in missing info if blocked by noise

62
Q

physiological evidence for principle of good continuation

A

A1 metabolic activity consistent with perceived sounds, even if absent; single cell recordings in monkey same to real and restored tones

63
Q

restoration of complex sounds

A

listeners use “higher order” sources of info, not just auditory info to restore missing segment

64
Q

gaps in sound stream are ___ detrimental if filled with noise rather than silence

A

less

65
Q

with noisy gaps

A

cant even reliably tell where the gaps were specifically

Sensations and Perceptions (16 decks)

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