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Pharmacology > Infection (Chapter 5) + Ambrose Paper > Flashcards

Infection (Chapter 5) + Ambrose Paper Flashcards

1
Q

with what kind of drugs would we combat auto-immune disease ?

A

anti-inflammatory drugs

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2
Q

with what kind of drugs would we combat not auto-immune disease ?

A

pro-inflammatory drugs

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3
Q

what is a pathogen ?

A

a micro organism that is invasive and can cause sickness and death

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4
Q

What is the Gram stain ?

A

Used to determine whether bacteria is Gram + or -
Since Gram + does not have a membrane, it picks up the stain which usually binds to the peptidoglycan layer
Gram + : purple

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5
Q

why does it matter whether a bacteria population is gram + or - ?

A

because certain drugs will be ineffective for certain sorts of bacteria
for example, drugs that work by damaging the outer membrane would not work on gram + bacteria since they dont have one ?

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6
Q

which type of bacteria has an outer membrane ?

A

gram -

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7
Q

what are the two types of antibiotics ?

A

bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic

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8
Q

what is a bacteriocidal drug ? pro and con

A

Kills bacteria

pro: punches holes in membranes and compromises metabolic pathways
con: bacteria contain toxins and this could cause toxic shock syndrome

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9
Q

what is a bacteriostatic drug ? pro and con

A

slows down bacteria, for example by inhibiting DNA synthesis
more safe alternative, this allows the immune system to catch up

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10
Q

what is the difference in prescribing antibiotics and antifungals ?

A

bacteria are prokaryotic, very different from mammals, therefore medication against them usually does not affect human tissue. this is harder in the case of antifungals

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11
Q

what is the main reason we are in an anti-biotic resistant age ?

A

agriculture

overuse of antibiotics

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12
Q

what are narrow spectrum antibiotics? example

A

effective only against a few types of bacteria, like one of the gram categories.

ex penicillin G

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13
Q

what are broad spectrum antibiotics ? example

A

against a wide array of bacteria, in both of the gram categories

ex doxycycline

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14
Q

how do bacteria avoid the effects of a drug ?

A

they change by mutating

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15
Q

what are the four reasons a microbe becomes resistant ?

A

1) it makes an enzyme that destroys the drug
2) it changes the target site of the drug so the drug can’t work
3) it alters the point of entry of the drug
4) it pumps the drug out so it can’t be effective

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16
Q

what are the considerations in prescribing an antibiotic ?

A

first, use clinical information . for example, knowing that ear infections are often bacterial…

if it seems risky, treat with broad spectrum
then, after lab results come in, can prescribe more precise antibiotic

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17
Q

what are the most common adverse effects from antibiotics ?

A

GI disruption, diarrhea, caused by killing of normal gut flora

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18
Q

what is the most common upper respiratory tract infection?

A

pharyngitis

associated with the common cold virus

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19
Q

what is pharyngitis treatable with ?

A

usually associated with the common cold virus therefore antibiotics are inappropriate

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20
Q

are otitis and sinusitis viral or bacterial ?

A

bacterial

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21
Q

what is bronchitis ?

A

lower respiratory tract infection

usually viral but can be bacterial

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22
Q

what is pneumonia ?

A

lower respiratory tract infection

can be viral, fungal, bacterial

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23
Q

how does the curve look of sports and risk of upper respiratory tract diseases?

A

a J
as intensity of exercise increases, immune system receives a boost, makes it easier to fight infections
however, if intensity too high then immune system suppressed
higher risk of URTI

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24
Q

why is the immune system suppressed if very high exercise intensity ?

A

reduced flow of lymphatic fluid, and actions of NE and cortisol

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25
Q

what is a super infection ?

A

when bacteria resistant to all antibiotics

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26
Q

what are the three antibiotics that are cell wall inhibitors ? what structure do they have in common

A

penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems

they all have a beta-lactam ring structure

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27
Q

what are the 4 antibiotics that are protein inhibitors ?

A

tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, fluoquinolones

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28
Q

what is the therapeutic index of penicillin?

A

pretty high, although 10 % of people are allergic

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29
Q

what is the mechanism of action of penicillin?

A

bactericidal, attack the cell wall (cell wall inhibitor)

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30
Q

what is penicillin limited by ? how do drugs answer this problem ?

A

limited by digestion in stomach and by penicillinase

new drug version is resistant to penicillinase

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31
Q

which penicillin is sensitive to penicillinase ? which isn’t ?

A

Penicillin G is sensitive to it

Nafcillin is not

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32
Q

What is special about amoxicillin ?

A

it is more acid stable than the others, so it survives the stomach acid better

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33
Q

Which types of bacteria are treated by penicillin ?

A

more effective for gram positive bacteria

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34
Q

how are cephalosporins usually taken ?

A

intravenous or intramuscular injections

not effective taken orally

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35
Q

what in the generic name will indicate that a medication is a cephalosporin ?

A

it will start with cef or ceph

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36
Q

what are carbapenems usually used for ?

A

gram negative bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics

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37
Q

how do carbapenems work ?

A

they avoid bacterial lactamase enzymes which destroy other similar antibiotics

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38
Q

what is the next antibiotic people take after penicillin if they’re allergic ?

A

tetracylines

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39
Q

are tetracyclines bactericidal or bacteriostatic ?

A

inhibit protein synthesis, limiting growh, so bacteriostatic

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40
Q

are tetracycline broad spectrum ?

A

yep

41
Q

what are intake recommendations for tetracyclines ?

A

taken after food or milk due to array of GI events

42
Q

what are macrolides called (generic name)

A

-mycin

43
Q

how are macrolides usually taken ?

A

orally

44
Q

which antibiotic is taken topically ?

A

aminoglycosides

45
Q

which antibiotic is injected ?

A

cephalosporins

46
Q

are aminoglycosides bactericidal or bacteriostatic ?

A

both

kills (disrupts cell wall) but also inhibits protein synthesis

47
Q

why aren’t aminoglycosides the best antibiotic ?

A

low TI, due to high toxicity potential

48
Q

what are the risks in taking fluoquinolones ?

A

can cause tendonitis and rupture of tendon in older patients or ppl on steroids
can increase sensitivity to sun

49
Q

how do anti-fungals usually function ?

A

by attacking the cell wall of the fungus

50
Q

how is taking anti-fungals different in terms of side effects ?

A

more risk of adverse reactions: nephrotoxicity, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, headache

51
Q

what do most anti-fungal names end with ?

A

zole

52
Q

how does one get athlete’s foot ?

A

sweaty feet and poorly ventilated shoes

53
Q

what could happen in athlete’’s foot after the initial fungal infection ?

A

secondary bacterial infection

54
Q

how is athlete’s foot usually diagnosed ?

A

by visual inspection of the skin

if not sure, KOH (potassium hydroxide) test rules out other causes

55
Q

is tea tree oil a good cure for athlete’s foot ?

A

no. it improves the symptoms but does not cure the underlying infection

56
Q

are antivirals usually broad or narrow spectrum ?

A

narrow

57
Q

what virus causes mono?

A

Epstein-Barr

58
Q

what diseases do protozoa cause usually ?

A

dysentery, malaria

59
Q

what diseases do ringworms, nematodes cause ?

A

river blindness, ringworm disease

60
Q

what drugs get rid of ringworms, nematodes ?

A

anti-helmintic drugs

61
Q

what are antiseptics ?

A

chemicals with broad spectrum effects. can be germicidal or germistatic

62
Q

what can happen if you apply antiseptics too much ?

A

inhibits wound healing

63
Q

if an athete is training hard by running 12 hrs in bad weather, what are they risking of getting ?

A

Pharyngitis of the URT

64
Q

what is the most important medication for athlete’s foot ?

A

anti-fungal

65
Q

are drug interactions good or bad ?

A

depends

66
Q

what is a receptor antagonist ?

A

when two drugs have an affinity for the same receptor, and one drug displaces the other and diminishes the response of the other, especially if one is an agonist and the other an antagonist

67
Q

give an example of a receptor antagonist

A

propanolol

68
Q

what is enzyme induction ?

A

when a drug increases the synthesis of one or more metabolizing enzymes that is responsible for metabolizing a second drug. enzyme induction therefore decreases the response from the second drug.

69
Q

what are the types of enzymes that are most sensitive to enzyme induction

A

cytochrome p450

70
Q

what are examples of liver enzyme inducers ?

A

alcohol and some anticonvulsants

71
Q

what are drugs that are very affected by enzyme inducers ?

A

estrogen contraceptives, antidepressants, oral anticoagulants

72
Q

is there drug interaction between tylenol and alcohol ?

A

yes, increases toxicity

73
Q

what interacts with antihypertensive drugs ?

A

nasal decongestant, herbs can decrease antihypertensive effect (some herbs increase)

74
Q

what is enzyme inhibition ?

A

2 drugs bind to the same metabolizing enzyme, but one drug is the substrate and the other is an inhibitor of the enzyme

inhibition of enzyme increases
increased bioavailability of substrate drug

75
Q

what is an ADR ?

A

adverse drug reaction

76
Q

what medication may cause urticaria in 1% of general population ?

A

aspirin and other NSAID

77
Q

what medication may cause asthma attacks ?

A

aspirin and other NSAID

78
Q

what are three drugs that may cause hepatotoxicity ?

A

NSAIDs, acetaminophen, sulfonamide antibiotic

79
Q

what are two drugs that may cause nephrotoxicity

A

NSAID and aminoglycoside antibiotic

80
Q

is pregnancy considered a drug interaction ?

A

yes

81
Q

what are side effects ?

A

predictable, dose-related adverse effects

82
Q

what are the 5 ratings for drug use in pregnancy ?

A

A (controlled studies show no risk), B, C, D, X (contraindicated)

83
Q

what happens if you mix CNS depressants and alcohol ?

A

increased effectiveness

84
Q

what is an adverse interaction ?

A

an unwanted one

85
Q

what is more effective- bactericidal or bacteriostatic medication ?

A

bactericidal

86
Q

which drug would have a physiological antagonism with corticosteroids, which are antiinflammatory and inhibit immune system ?

A

antibiotics, since they fight off infections

87
Q

if you combine a beta-agonist and beta-antagonist, what kind of interaction would it be ?

A

receptor antagonist

88
Q

if drug A induces enzyme that metabolises drug B, what would increase in urine ?

A

metabolite of B since enzyme that creates metabolites is increased by A

89
Q

what would increase the duration of an oral drug ?

A

reduced kidney excretion function and a higher dose

90
Q

what are the four categories of drugs ?

A

banned, not banned, not specifically banned, and specifically banned for rifle

91
Q

in the Ambrose paper, who submitted the majority of questions ?

A

athletic trainers (54%)

92
Q

in the Ambrose paper, who submitted the most (in second place) questions ?

A

athletes (36%)

93
Q

in the Ambrose paper, who submitted the least amount of questions ?

A

parents 3%
coaches <1%
and directors of athletics <1%

94
Q

in the Ambrose paper, how many inquiries out of 5000 regarded street drugs ?

A

5, 4 regarding marijuana and 1 gamma-hydroxybutyric acid

95
Q

in the Ambrose paper what was the most queried sport ? why ?

A

football

maybe because the sizes of the teams are bigger

96
Q

Which antibiotics target mostly solely gram positive bacteria?

A

Penicillin and macrolides

97
Q

Which antibiotics work better only on gram negative?

A

Carbapenems and aminoglycosides

98
Q

Which drugs cure gram positive bacteria ?

A

Penicillin
Macrolides

Cephalosporins
Tetracyclines
Fluoroquinolones

99
Q

Which drugs cure gram negative bacteria ?

A

Carbapenems
Aminoglycosides

Cephalosporins
Tetracyclines
Fluoroquinolones

Pharmacology (15 decks)

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