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1
Q

C7

A

Vertebrae prominens

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2
Q

T1-T2

A

Superior angle of the scapula

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3
Q

T7

A

Inferior angle of the scapula

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4
Q

L4

A

Iliac crest

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5
Q

Extrinsic muscles

A

Superficial group (trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator scapulae) and intermediate group (serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior)

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6
Q

Superficial group of the extrinsic muscles

A

Controls upper limb movements since it connects upper limbs to the trunk

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7
Q

Layer 1 of the superficial group

A

Trapezius and latissimus dorsi

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8
Q

Layer 2 of the superficial group

A

Rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator scapulae

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9
Q

Insertion of Trapezius

A

Upper fibers to lateral third of posterior border of clavicle; lower to medial acromion and superior lip of spine of scapula to deltoid tubercle

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10
Q

Origin of Trapezius

A

Medial third superior nuchal line, ligament nuchae, spinous processes and supraspinous ligaments to T12

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11
Q

Action of Trapezius

A

Laterally rotates, elevates and retracts scapula. If scapula is fixed, extends and laterally flexes neck

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12
Q

Innervation of Trapezius

A

Spinal accessory cranial nerve 11 - CN XI

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13
Q

Supply of Trapezius

A

Transverse cervical artery

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14
Q

Insertion of Latissimus Dorsi

A

Floor of bicipital groove of humerus after spiraling around teres major

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15
Q

Origin of Latissimus Dorsi

A

Spine T7, spinous processes and supraspinous ligaments of all lower thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae, lumbar fascia, posterior third iliac crest, last four ribs (interdigitating with external oblique abdominis) and inferior angle of scapula

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16
Q

Action of Latissimus Dorsi

A

Extends, adducts and medially rotates arm. Costal attachment helps with deep inspiration and forced expiration; also plays a role in the expiratory efforts as in coughing and sneezing

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17
Q

Innervation of Latissimus Dorsi

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

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18
Q

Supply of Latissimus Dorsi

A

Thoracodorsal artery

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19
Q

Intermediate group of the extrinsic muscles

A

Associated with the thoracic wall, and control respiratory movement

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20
Q

Insertion of Rhomboid major

A

Lower half of posteromedial border of scapula, from angle to upper part of triangular area at base of scapular spine

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21
Q

Origin of Rhomboid major

A

Spines of T2-T5 and supraspinous ligaments

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22
Q

Action of Rhomboid major

A

Retracts scapula. Rotates scapula to rest position

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23
Q

Innervation of Rhomboid major

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

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24
Q

Supply of Rhomboid major

A

Dorsal scapular artery

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25
Q

Insertion of Rhomboid minor

A

Small area of posteromedial border of scapula at level of spine, below levator scapulae

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26
Q

Origin of Rhomboid minor

A

Lower ligamentum nuchea, spines of C7 and T1

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27
Q

Action of Rhomboid minor

A

Retracts scapula. Rotates lower scapula back to rest position

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28
Q

Innervation of Rhomboid minor

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

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29
Q

Supply of Rhomboid minor

A

Dorsal scapular artery

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30
Q

Insertion of Serratus posterior superior

A

Posterior aspect of ribs 2-5

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31
Q

Origin of Serratus posterior superior

A

Spinous processes and supraspinous ligaments of C7-T2

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32
Q

Action of Serratus posterior superior

A

Assists forced inspiration

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33
Q

Innervation of Serratus posterior superior

A

Anterior primary rami

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34
Q

Supply of Serratus posterior superior

A

Posterior intercostal arteries

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35
Q

Triangle of auscultation

A

Trapezius and Latissimus Dorsi

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36
Q

Insertion of Serratus posterior inferior

A

Posterior aspect of ribs 9-12

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37
Q

Origin of Serratus posterior inferior

A

Spinous processes and supraspinous ligaments of T11-L2

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38
Q

Action of Serratus posterior inferior

A

Assists forced expiration

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39
Q

Innervation of Serratus posterior inferior

A

Anterior primary rami

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40
Q

Supply of Serratus posterior inferior

A

Posterior intercostal arteries

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41
Q

Intrinsic muscles

A

Superficial layer (splenius capitis and splenius cervicis), intermediate layer (erector spinae), deep layer (semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores)

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42
Q

Origin of Splenius capitis

A

Lower ligament nuchae, spinous processes and supraspinous ligaments T1-3

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43
Q

Insertion of Splenius capitis

A

Lateral occiput between superior and inferior nuchal lines

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44
Q

Action of Splenius capitis

A

Extends and rotates cervical spine

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45
Q

Innervation of Splenius capitis

A

Posterior primary rami of C3, 4

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46
Q

Supply of Splenius capitis

A

Deep cervical artery and the posterior intercostal arteries

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47
Q

Origin of Splenius cervicis

A

Spinous processes and supraspinous ligaments of T3-6

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48
Q

Insertion of Splenius cervicis

A

Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-3

49
Q

Action of Splenius cervicis

A

Extends and rotates cervica spine

50
Q

Innervation of Splenius cervicis

A

Posterior primary rami of C5, 6

51
Q

Supply of Splenius cervicis

A

Deep cervical artery and the posterior intercostal arteries

52
Q

Origin of Erector spinae

A

Posterior sacrum, iliac crest,
sacrospinous ligament, supraspinous
ligament, spinous processes of lower
lumbar and sacral vertebrae

53
Q

Insertion of Erector spinae

A 
Iliocostalis : angles of lower ribs,
cervical transverse processes
Longissimus: between tubercles and
angles of ribs, transverse processes
of thoracic and cervical vertebrae,
mastoid process
Spinalis: spinous processes of upper
thoracic and midcervical vertebrae
54
Q

Action of Erector spinae

A

Extends and laterally bends vertebral column and head

55
Q

Innervation of Erector spinae

A

Dorsal rami of each region

56
Q

Supply of Erector spinae

A 
Cervical portions: occipital, deep
cervical, and vertebral arteries
Thoracic portions: dorsal branches
of posterior intercostal, subcostal,
and lumbar arteries
Sacral portions: dorsal branches of
lateral sacral arteries
57
Q

Origin of Serratus anterior

A

Eight digitations from the upper 8 ribs

58
Q

Insertion of Serratus anterior

A

Into the ventral aspect of the medial border of the scapula

59
Q

Action of Serratus anterior

A

Superior external rotation of the scapula; draws from the scapula internally and forwards; lowers the arm from a raised position; elevates ribs; boxer’s muscle

60
Q

Innervation of Serratus anterior

A

Long thoracic nerve and the brachial plexus (C5-C7)

61
Q

Supply of Serratus anterior

A

Lateral thoracic artery

62
Q

Origin of Semispinalis

A

Transverse processes of C4–T12

63
Q

Insertion of Semispinalis

A

Spinous processes of cervical and thoracic regions

64
Q

Action of Semispinalis

A

Cervical portions: occipital, deep
cervical, and vertebral arteries
Thoracic portions: dorsal branches
of posterior intercostal arteries

65
Q

Innervation of Semispinalis

A

Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

66
Q

Supply of Semispinalis

A

Extends head, neck, and thorax and rotates them to opposite side

67
Q

Origin of Multifidus

A

Sacrum, ilium, transverse processes
of T1–T12, and articular processes of
C4–C7

68
Q

Insertion of Multifidus

A

Spinous processes of vertebrae
above, spanning two to four
segments

69
Q

Action of Multifidus

A

Stabilizes spine

70
Q

Innervation of Multifidus

A

Dorsal rami of each region

71
Q

Supply of Multifidus

A 
Cervical portions: occipital, deep
cervical, and vertebral arteries
Thoracic portions: dorsal branches
of posterior intercostal, subcostal,
and lumbar arteries
Sacral portions: dorsal branches of
lateral sacral arteries
72
Q

Origin of Rotatores

A

Transverse processes of cervical,

thoracic, and lumbar regions

73
Q

Insertion of Rotatores

A

Lamina and transverse process of
spine above, spanning one or two
segments

74
Q

Action of Rotatores

A

Stabilizes, extends, and rotates spine

75
Q

Innervation of Rotatores

A

Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

76
Q

Supply of Rotatores

A

Dorsal branches of segmental arteries

77
Q

The spinal root of the accessory nerve (CN XI) supplies…

A

The trapezius and the sternomastoid. It is the only motor supply for these two muscles.

78
Q

How does the trapezius with the Serratus anterior rotate the scapula?

A

It rotates the scapula upwards from 90-180 degrees, raising the limb above the head; abduction above 90 degrees

79
Q

Levator scapulae, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor

A

All take origin from the vertebral column, insert into the scapula, and are supplied by the dorsal scapular nerve

80
Q

Winging of the scapula

A

Damage to the long thoracic nerve

81
Q

A typical vertebra has the following:

A

Body, vertebral arch, articular processes, intervertebral foramen, lamina, pedicle, transverse processes, spinous process, and vertebral foramen

82
Q

Body of the vertebra

A

The weight-bearing portion of a vertebra that tends to increase in size as one descends down the spine

83
Q

Articular processes

A

Two superior and two inferior facets for articulation with adjacent vertebrae

84
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A

The opening formed by the vertebral notches that is traversed by spinal nerve roots and associated vessels

85
Q

Lamina

A

Paired portions of the vertebral arch that connect the transverse processes to the spinous processes

86
Q

Pedicle

A

Part of the vertebral arch that attaches the transverse processes to the body

87
Q

Transverse processes

A

Lateral extensions from the union of the pedicle and the lamina

88
Q

Spinous process

A

A projection that extends posteriorly by the union of two lamina

89
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

a foramen formed from the vertebral arch and body that contains the spinal cord and its meningeal coverings

90
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

Small in size, have a transverse foramen to transmit the vertebral vessels

91
Q

C1

A

Atlas, has no vertebral body or spinous process

92
Q

C2

A

Axis, has a dens (which is the body of the atlas)

93
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A

Allows the head to nod up and down, Yes-Yes joint (flexion and extension)

94
Q

Atlanto-axial joint

A

Allows the head to rotate side to side, No-No joint (rotation)

95
Q

Suboccipital muscles

A

Lie deep to the trapezius & sternomastoid, the splenius capitis, and the semispinalis capitis. Consists of two recti and two obliquus muscles, all of which are innervated by the suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1 - motor only)

96
Q

Occipital artery

A

Branch of the external carotid artery

97
Q

Vertebral artery

A

Branch of the subclavian artery

98
Q

2 structures within the floor of the suboccipital triangle

A

Vertebral artery and tthe suboccipital nerve, purely moto

99
Q

2 structures within the roof of the suboccipital triangle

A

Occipital artery and the greater occipital nerve, purely sensory

100
Q

Origin of the Rectus major

A

Spine of axis

101
Q

Insertion of the Rectus major

A

Inferior nuchal line

102
Q

Action of the Rectus major

A

Extends and rotates head to same side

103
Q

Innervation of the Rectus major

A

Suboccipital nerve

104
Q

Supply of the Rectus major

A

Vertebral artery, descending branch of occipital artery

105
Q

Origin of the Rectus minor

A

Tubercle of posterior arch of atlas

106
Q

Insertion of the Rectus minor

A

Median inferior nuchal line

107
Q

Action of the Rectus minor

A

Extends head

108
Q

Innervation of the Rectus minor

A

Suboccipital nerve

109
Q

Supply of the Rectus minor

A

Vertebral artery, descending branch of occipital artery

110
Q

Origin of the Inferior oblique

A

Spine of axis

111
Q

Insertion of the Inferior oblique

A

Transverse process of atlas

112
Q

Action of the Inferior oblique

A

Rotates atlas to turn face to same side

113
Q

Innervation of the Inferior oblique

A

Suboccipital nerve

114
Q

Supply of the Inferior oblique

A

Vertebral artery, descending branch of occipital artery

115
Q

Origin of the Superior oblique

A

Transverse process of atlas

116
Q

Insertion of the Superior oblique

A

Occipital bone

117
Q

Action of the Superior oblique

A

Extends and bends head laterally

118
Q

Innervation of the Superior oblique

A

Suboccipital nerve

119
Q

Supply of the Superior oblique

A

Vertebral artery, descending branch of occipital artery

SHB (11 decks)

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