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Tracheobronchial tree Flashcards

1
Q

what forms the tracheobronchial tree?

A

The trachea, bronchi and bronchioles form the tracheobronchial tree

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2
Q

what is the tracheobronchial tree?

A

a system of airways that allow passage of air into the lungs, where gas exchange occurs

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3
Q

where are the tracheobronchial tree airways located?

A

in the neck and thorax

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4
Q

what marks the beginning of the tracheobronchial tree?

A

The trachea

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5
Q

where does the trachea arise? what is it a continuation of?

A

It arises at the lower border of cricoid cartilage in the neck, as a continuation of the larynx

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6
Q

where does the tracheobronchial tree travel? what happens as it travels? what does it forms?

A

It travels inferiorly into the superior mediastinum, bifurcating at the level of the sternal angle (forming the right and left main bronchi)

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7
Q

what happens to the position of the trachea as it descends?

A

As it descends, the trachea is located anteriorly to the oesophagus, and inclines slightly to the right

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8
Q

what is the trachea held open by?

A

The trachea, like all of the larger respiratory airways, is held open by cartilage – here in C-shaped rings

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9
Q

what are the free ends of the C-shaped rings supported by?

A

trachealis muscle

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10
Q

what are the trachea and bronchi lined by? what is it interspersed by?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, interspersed by goblet cells, which produce mucus

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11
Q

what do goblet cells produce?

A

mucus

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12
Q

what forms the functional mucociliary escalator?

A

The combination of sweeping movements by the cilia and mucus from the goblet cells forms the functional mucociliary escalator

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13
Q

what does the mucociliary escalator do?

A

This acts to trap inhaled particles and pathogens, moving them up out of the airways to be swallowed and destroyed

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14
Q

what happens at the bifurcation of the primary bronchi?

A

a ridge of cartilage called the carina runs anteroposteriorly between the openings of the two bronchi

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15
Q

what area is the carina?

A

This is the most sensitive area of the trachea for triggering the cough reflex, and can be seen on bronchoscopy

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16
Q

what does the trachea receive sensory innervation from?

A

the recurrent laryngeal nerve

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17
Q

where does arterial supply to the trachea come from?

A

comes from the tracheal branches of the inferior thyroid artery

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18
Q

what is venous drainage to the trachea via?

A

the brachiocephalic, azygos and accessory hemiazygos veins

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19
Q

what happens at the level of the sternal angle?

A

the trachea bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi

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20
Q

what do the left and right main bronchi undergo? produces?

A

They undergo further branching to produce the secondary bronchi

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21
Q

what do each secondary bronchi supply? what do they give rise to?

A

Each secondary bronchi supplies a lobe of the lung, and gives rise to several segmental bronchi

22
Q

what makes up the roots of the lungs?

A

Along with branches of the pulmonary artery and veins, the main bronchi make up the roots of the lungs

23
Q

what is right main bronchus like? where does it descend?

A

wider, shorter, and descends more vertically than its left-sided counterpart

24
Q

clinically, what does the right bronchus result in?

A

Clinically, this results in a higher incidence of foreign body inhalation

25
Q

where does the right superior lobar bronchus arise?

A

before the right main bronchus enters the hilum

26
Q

where does the left main bronchus pass? where does it reach?

A

inferiorly to the arch of the aorta, and anteriorly to the thoracic aorta and oesophagus in order to reach the hilum of the left lung

27
Q

within the lungs, what does the main (primary) bronchi branch into?

A

lobar (secondary) bronchi

28
Q

what does each secondary bronchi supply?

A

a lobe of the lung

29
Q

how many right and left lobar bronchi are there?

A

thus there are 3 right lobar bronchi and 2 left

30
Q

what happens to the lobar bronchi?

A

The lobar bronchi then bifurcate into several segmental (tertiary) bronchi

31
Q

what do each segmental (tertiary) bronchi supply?

A

a bronchopulmonary segment

32
Q

what are Bronchopulmonary segments? what do they act as?

A

subdivisions of the lung lobes, and act as the functional unit of the lungs

33
Q

what are the structure of the bronchi similar to?

A

trachea

34
Q

what are differences between bronchi and trachea?

A

shape of their cartilage

35
Q

in the main bronchi, what completely encircles the lumen?

A

cartilage rings completely encircle the lumen

36
Q

what is found in smaller lobar and segmental bronchi in terms of cartilage?

A

cartilage is found only in crescent shapes

37
Q

what is the bronchi innervated by?

A

The bronchi derive innervation from pulmonary branches of the vagus nerve (CN X)

38
Q

where is blood supply to the bronchi from?

A

branches of the bronchial arteries

39
Q

what is venous drainage to bronchi via?

A

venous drainage is into the bronchial veins

40
Q

what happens to the segmental bronchi?

A

undergo further branching to form numerous smaller airways – the bronchioles

41
Q

what are the bronchioles?

A

The smallest airways

42
Q

what do the bronchioles contain / not contain?

A

bronchioles do not contain any cartilage or mucus-secreting goblet cells. Instead, they have clara cells

43
Q

what do clara cells do?

A

produce a surfactant lipoprotein which is instrumental in preventing the walls of the small airways sticking together during expiration

44
Q

what do bronchioles do?

A

Initially there are many generations of conducting bronchioles, which transport air but lack glands and are not involved in gas exchange.

45
Q

what do conducting bronchioles eventually end as?

A

Conducting bronchioles then eventually end as terminal bronchioles

46
Q

what do terminal bronchioles branch into?

A

These terminal bronchioles branch even further into respiratory bronchioles

47
Q

how are respiratory bronchioles distinguishable?

A

by the presence of alveoli extending from their lumens

48
Q

what are alveoli?

A

tiny air-filled pockets with thin walls

49
Q

what types of cells make up alveoli?

A

simple squamous epithelium

50
Q

what are alveoli the site of?

A

gaseous exchange in the lungs

51
Q

how many alveoli are there in adult lungs - why is this important?

A

Altogether there are around 300 million alveoli in adult lungs, providing a large surface area for adequate gas exchange

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