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Year 12 Biology > Chapter 13-15 > Flashcards

Chapter 13-15 Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

group of the the same species living in the same region at a given time

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2
Q

Variation

A

in a population, a condition in which members of that population differ in one or more traits

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3
Q

Kinds of variation (6)

A

structural, behavioural, biochemical, developmental, physiological, geographic

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4
Q

Biochemical

A

differences that occur in chemical processes that occur in organisms, including blood groups, pigments/colours of skin/fur, and the production of enzymes.

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5
Q

Cline

A

gradual change in a trait in members of a population across its geographic range.

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6
Q

Monomorphic

A

refers to a population in which all members are identical with regard to a particular phenotypic trait

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7
Q

Polymorphic

A

refers to a population whose members show several variants of a particular trait.

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8
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

type of variation in which members of a population can be grouped into a few non-overlapping classes with regard to expression of a trait e.g. digits on hand

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9
Q

Continuous variation

A

type of variation in which members of a population vary across a range. e.g. height

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10
Q

Causes of variation (4)

A

environmental factors, genetic agents, interaction between genetic agents and the environment, internal factors

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11
Q

Internal factors examples

A

hormone levels, infections, chemicals ingested

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12
Q

Genetic factors that cause variation

A

mono/polygenic traits, mutation, chromosome number e.t.c.

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13
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

each gene has two alleles: a plus (+) allele that adds a small amount to the trait and a minus (−) + + − − genotype shows the same phenotype as a + − + − genotype.

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14
Q

Number of possible variations formula

A

2n + 1 (n=polygenes)

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15
Q

Gene pool

A

sum total of genetic information present in a population

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16
Q

When there is only one allele present in gene pool

A

said to be fixed

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17
Q

Allele frequencies

A

incidence or frequencies of particular alleles in a population

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18
Q

Allele frequency equation

A

frequency dom allele + frequency recessive allele = 1

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19
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

concept that allele frequencies in a population remain constant from one generation to the next if a set of conditions are met and no agent of change acts on the population.

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20
Q

Set of conditions for Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

population must be large, random mating, all matings equally fertile producing viable offspring, population is closed (no migration)

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21
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

reached when the allele frequencies in a large, closed population remain constant, and will stay the same until agent of change acts on population

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22
Q

Random mating

A

all possible matings are equally likely to occur.

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23
Q

A phenotype that makes a greater contribution to a gene pool…

A

has higher fitness value and has a selective advantage

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24
Q

Fitness value

A

measure of genetic contribution to the next generation

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25
Q

Selective advantage

A

relative higher genetic fitness of a phenotype

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26
Q

Complete selection

A

cannot pass on trait because it dies before reproducing

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27
Q

Partial selection

A

fewer organism of particular phenotype produced

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28
Q

Genetic drift

A

changes, unpredictable in direction, in allele frequencies from one generation to the next owing to the action of chance events

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29
Q

The smaller the population…

A

the more impact of genetic drift (can cause eventual loss of allele)

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30
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

chance effects on allele frequencies in a population as a result of a major reduction in population size. Survivors that reproduce are unrepresentative.

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31
Q

Founder effect

A

chance effects on allele frequencies in a population that is formed from a small unrepresentative sample of a larger population. Sample migrated.

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32
Q

Theory of evolution by natural selection basis

A

high birth rates = high death rates, each type of organism shows variation, offspring are similar to their parents because they inherit from them.

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33
Q

Natural selection evolution theory

A
  1. individuals show variation from each other
  2. offspring resemble parents
  3. more offspring are born than can survive/reproduce
  4. there is a struggle for existence
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34
Q

Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution through natural selection conclusion

A

it is a mechanism of evolution, testable through observation and experiment

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35
Q

Natural selection acts on phenotypes through

A

selection pressures e.g. environmental factors

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36
Q

Adaptive value

A

degree to which phenotype contributes to reproductive success of individuals that have it

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37
Q

Transmutation

A

species can change and give rise to new species

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38
Q

Evolution

A

process of change, typically over geological time, that produces new species from ancestral species

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39
Q

Evidence of evolution

A

fossil record, biogeography, comparative anatomy, molecular evidence

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40
Q

Fossil evidence types

A

direct and indirect

41
Q

Age of earth

A

4500 million years old

42
Q

Relative ages

A

age of objects expressed in relative terms so that they are identified as younger or older than other objects, but the actual ages of the objects concerned are unknown

43
Q

Absolute ages

A

actual age

44
Q

Principle of superposition of sedimentary rock

A

oldest at bottom, youngest at top

45
Q

Principle of correlation

A

comparing to work out age

46
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

homologous/analogous structures, vestigial organs (appendix), comparing embryos

47
Q

Homologous structures

A

similar structure, different function = convergent evolution

48
Q

Analogous structures

A

similar function, different structure = divergent evolution

49
Q

DNA hybridisation

A

how similar DNA is

50
Q

Radiometric dating

A

radioactive decay, actual dating

51
Q

Dating for Organic remains 60,000 years

A

carbon-14, nitrogen-14

52
Q

Dating for Igneous rocks 10 million years

A

uranium-235, lead-207

53
Q

Dating for Igneous rocks 0.5 million years and older

A

potassium-40, argon-40

54
Q

Dating for most ancient igneous rocks on Earth

A

rubidium-87, strontium-87

55
Q

Biographical distribution (3)

A

native isolated species are distinctive, native species are similar to species lived there in past, same niche in different isolated areas occupied by different species

56
Q

Types of evolution

A

divergent, convergent, parallel, co-evolution

57
Q

Divergent evolution

A

outcome that results when, over time, one ancestral species changes to give rise to several new species each occupying a different niche. (closely related species become dissimilar over time)

58
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

is the evolution of a variety of species, each adapted to life in a different niche and evolved over time from a single ancestral species

59
Q

Convergent evolution

A

results in similarity in appearance of organisms that are not closely related but that have similar ways of life

60
Q

Parallel evolution

A

common heritage evolve in similar ways

61
Q

Co-evolution

A

one species evolving causes another to evolve

62
Q

Child from Taung species

A

Australopithecus africanus

63
Q

Lucy species

A

Australopithecus afarensis (walked, brachiation)

64
Q

Human classification

A 
phylum = chordata,
 class = mammals, 
order = primates, 
super family = hominoids,
 family = hominids (hominins), 
tribe = hominini 
genus = homo,
 species = homo sapiens
65
Q

Homo genus evolution

A

Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erecuts, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens

66
Q

Australopithecus

A

walked upright, bipedalism

67
Q

Homo Habilis

A

first tools, could speak, meat eaters

68
Q

Homo Erectus

A

fire, hunted in groups, migrated

69
Q

Homo neanderthalensis

A

burials, specialised tools, caves (not ancestors)

70
Q

Out of Africa theory

A

all came from Africa, shown by mtDNA

71
Q

Mitochondrial DNA (3)

A

descent via maternal line, lack of recombination (passes unchanged), high copy number,

72
Q

Haplogroups

A

distinctive mtDNA found in different populations

73
Q

Mitochondrial ‘Eve’

A

first known mtDNA found

74
Q

Extinction

A

no living members exist

75
Q

Geological periods are grouped into

A

eons -> eras -> periods -> epochs

76
Q

Geological periods are grouped into eons

A

archean, proterzoic, phanerozoic

77
Q

Phanerozoic is divided into the eras

A

paleozoic, mesozoic (dinosaurs), cenozoic,

78
Q

Cenozoic is divided into

A

palaeogene and neogene periods,

79
Q

We are in the … epoch

A

Holocene epoch

80
Q

Electron spin resonance

A

bombard fossil findings with radiation, and the older the object, the more electrons that are present at the high energy levels

81
Q

Extant

A

when any living members of a species exist

82
Q

Order of classification

A

kingdom, phylum, class, order, suborder, superfamily, family, subfamily, tribe, genus, species

83
Q

Mammal meaning

A

mammary glands; teeth containing incisors, canines, molars; hair or fur on our surfaces; three bones in the ear

84
Q

Primates

A

hand features (five digits, opposable thumbs, nails instead of claws); eye features (forward facing eyes, hence 3D vision and colour vision); ability to circumduct at the shoulder joint; high relative cranial size; long gestational period.

85
Q

Primates include

A

great apes, lesser apes, monkeys, promisians (lemur)

86
Q

Hominin diverged how long ago

A

6 million yrs ago

87
Q

Evidence of walking upright

A

foramen magnum (directly at bottom of skull), tibia angle to femur, pelvis is shorter and wider, fossilised footprints

88
Q

Homosapien evolution

A

enlargement of cranial and brain size, flattening of face and lesser prominence of jaw, smaller teeth, language and culture, tools,

89
Q

Homo arised

A

2.4 million years ago

90
Q

Homo sapiens evolved

A

130,000 yrs ago

91
Q

Gene mutation

A

general term for one of many possible changes in the DNA base sequence of a gene

92
Q

Genetic variation

A

variation due to genes

93
Q

Agents of natural change that act on population (3)

A

physical agents, biological agents, chemical agents

94
Q

Migration

A

movement of organisms into or out of a population

95
Q

Emigration

A

net movement of organisms out of a population

96
Q

Immigration

A

net movement of organisms out of a population

97
Q

Subspecies

A

distinct population of a species that varies from other populations of the same species and which, over time, may evolve into a new species if the population remains isolated

98
Q

DNA to DNA hybridisation proces

A
  1. prepare unique DNA from species to be compared
  2. make single stranded by heating and mixing
  3. cool and allow strands to pair - some pairing will occur between DNA from different species
  4. Results: either high or low complementarity

Year 12 Biology (9 decks)

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