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Psychology 335 > Chapter 4: Research methods in Clinical Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Research methods in Clinical Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Quantitive research designs focus on

A

testing hypotheses generated b the researcher

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2
Q

qualitative research designs tend to be

A

exploratory

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3
Q

a scientist-practitioner is well-trained to…

A

develop testable clinical hypotheses, gather the data necessary to test those hypotheses, weigh the evidence, and reach sound conditions

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4
Q

Common errors in thinking

A 
faulty reasoning 
false dilemas 
golden mean fallacy 
the straw person argument 
affirming the consequent 
appeal to ignorance
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5
Q

deductive process

A

the researcher uses a formal theory to generate research ideas

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6
Q

inductive process

A

deriving an idea from repeated observation

not theory guided

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7
Q

correlation

A

variables are associated with each other

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8
Q

cause

A

one variable influences directly ir indirect, the level of the second variable

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9
Q

moderation

A

one variable influences the direction or size of the relation b/w 2 other variables

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10
Q

mediation

A

the influence of one variable on a second variable is due, in whole or in part, to the influence of the third variable

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11
Q

prevention

A

an attempt to decrease the likelihood that an undesirable outcome occurs

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12
Q

intervention

A

an attempt to decrease or eliminate an undesirable outcome that has already occurred
i.e. treatment

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13
Q

Donald Campbell

A

encouraged researchers to pay more attention to potential design problems that can undermine a study’s validity

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14
Q

internal validity

A

the extent to which the interpretations drawn from the results of a study can be justified and alternative interpretations can be reasonably ruled out

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15
Q

external validity

A

the extent to which the interpretations drawn from the results of a study can be generalized beyond the narrow boundaries of a specific study

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16
Q

statistical conclusion validity

A

the extent to which the results of a study are accurate and valid based on the type of statistical procedures used in research

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17
Q

threats to internal validity of a study

A 
History
Maturation
Testing 
Instrumentation 
Statistical regression
selection biases
attrition
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18
Q

Threats to external validity of a study

A 
sample characteristics
stimulus characteristics and settings
reactivity to research arrangements 
reactivity of assessment
timing of measurement
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19
Q

researchers must balance…

A

external and internal validity

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20
Q

typically, researchers give priority to concerns about _____ validity over ______ validity

A

internal, external

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21
Q

Case studies

A

detailed presentation of an individual
source of hypotheses
heuristic value
do not allow for rigorous testing of hypotheses

22
Q

singe case designs

A

addresses limitations of the limitations of case studies

  • threats like maturation and regression to the mean can be handled by the simple strategy of extending the period of time that a person is assessed and the frequency with which the assessments occur
  • AB single case designs
  • ABA
23
Q

correlational designs

A

most commonly used in clinical psych

examines the association among variables

24
Q

hallmarks of the scientific study of causality in human functioning?

A

the use of experimental manipulation and random assignment to conditions

25
Q

factor analysis

A

a statistical procedure used to determine the conceptual dimensions or factors that underlie a set of variables, test items, or tests

  • exploratory: when the researcher has no prior hypotheses about the structure of the data
  • confirmatory: used to test a specific hypothesis regarding the nature of the factor structure
26
Q

moderator

A

a variable that influences the strength of the relation b/w a predictor variable and a criterion variable

27
Q

mediator

A

a variable that explains the mechanism by which a predictor variable influences a criterion variable

28
Q

structural equation modelling

A

a comprehensive statistical procedure that involves testing all components of a theoretical model

the ability of the whole model to predict treatment outcome is assessed
can determine only the extent to which a hypothesized causal model fits the study’s data
requires a large sample

29
Q

Quasi experimental designs

A

involve some type of manipulation by the researcher
do not involve random assignment to experimental conditions
confounding variables
cost effective
only one wave of data collection is required

30
Q

experimental designs

A

random assignment and manipulation

provide the best protection against threats to internal validity

31
Q

the strongest design is one where both pre and post _______ data are collected

A

intervention

common quasi and experimental

32
Q

randomized controlled trial

A

an experiment in which research participants are randomly assigned to 1 of 2 or more treatment conditions

33
Q

meta analysis

A

a set of statistical procedures for quantitively summarizing the results of a research domain

34
Q

effect size

A

a standardized metric, typically expressed in standard deviation units or correlations, that allows the results of research studies to be combined and analyzed

35
Q

two forms of sampling?

A

probability: focuses on the use of numerous strategies to ensure that the research sample is representative of a pop
- surveys, census
non-probability: more common, website ads, newspaper ads = the researcher is not specifically recruiting i order to ensure the representativeness of the sample
- not as generalizable as probability sampling

36
Q

Jacob Cohen

A

developed tools to assist researchers in determining the optimal number of participants to recruit for a study based on the phenomenon under investigation, the research design, and the type of planned data analysis

37
Q

Measurement options

A 
Self Report
Informant report
rater evaluations 
performance measures 
projective measures 
observational behaviour 
psychophysiological measures 
archival data (i.e. police records)
38
Q

psychometric properties of measures

A

reliability

validity

39
Q

internal consistency

A

reliability

the degree to which elements of the measure (like items on a test) are homogeneous

40
Q

test-retest reliability

A

the stability over time of scores on a measure

41
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

the consistency of scores on a measure across diff raters or observers

42
Q

content validity

A

the extent to which the measure fully and accurately represents all elements of the domain of the construct being assessed

43
Q

face validity

A

the extent to which the measure overtly appears to be measuring the construct of interest

44
Q

criterion validity

A

the association of a measure with some criterion of central relevance to the construct, such as differentiating b/w groups of research participants

45
Q

Concurrent validity

A

the association of a measure with other relevant data measured at the same point in time

46
Q

predictive validity

A

the association of a measure with other relevant data measured at some future point in time

47
Q

convergent validity

A

the association b/w a measure and other measures of either the same construct or conceptually related constructs

48
Q

discriminant validity

A

the association between measures that, conceptually, should not be related

49
Q

incremental validity

A

the extent to which a measure adds to the prediction of criterion beyond what can be predicted with other measurement data

50
Q

Clinical significance

A

in addition to the results of a study attaining statistical significance, the results are of a magnitude that there are changes in some aspects of participant’s daily functioning

51
Q

Neil Jacobson

A

developed the reliable change index which determines whether a participant’s pre-or-post- treatment change on a scale is statistically greater than would be expected due to measurement error

Psychology 335 (15 decks)

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