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Year 4 > Poultry > Flashcards

Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the heart rate of a chicken?

A

120-160bpm

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2
Q

What is the resp rate of a chicken?

A

20-130brpm

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3
Q

Where should you take blood from a chicken?

A

Wing vein

Also right jugular vein (bigger)

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4
Q

How do you take a faecal sample from a chicken?

A

Cloacal swab or dropping

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5
Q

What is the intermediate host of Histomonas meleagridis?

A

Heterakis worm

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6
Q

The eggs of which worms can be found in chicken faecal samples?
What about protozoal oocysts?

A 
Gizzard worm
Trichostrongyles
Heterakis
Gapeworm
Capillaria

Eimeria spp

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7
Q

Where would you feel when doing a chicken clinical exam?

A

Pin bones-fat coverage
Breast muscle-fitness
Scale of 1 to 5

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8
Q

What is the proper name for the preen gland?

A

Uropygieal gland

Produces lipid secretion for feather maintenance

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9
Q

Which specialised glands do chickens have?

A

Uropygieal (preen) gland
Glands within outer auditory canal
Ventral glands of cloaca

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10
Q

Where is the brood patch located?

What happens to it during laying?

A

Caudal half of ventral apterium
Prior to laying, brood patch loses all/some feathers and is highly vascularised
Hormone-controlled

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11
Q

What would you use to treat mites in poultry?

A

Ivermectin

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12
Q

Give some internal parasites of poultry

A 
Capillaria
Heterakis 
Ascarids
Trichostrongyles
Tapeworm
Gizzard worm
Gapeworm
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13
Q

What is the only licensed treatment for internal worm parasites?

A

Flubendazole

Give in food/water for 7 days

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14
Q

What causes Blackhead in turkeys?

Give a classic clinical sign

A

Histomonas meleagridis

Yellow diarrhoea

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15
Q

Give a clinical sign of Trichomonosis in chickens

A

Cancker (yellow, in mouth due to damage to mouth cavity)

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16
Q

Give a clinical sign of Hexamitosis in turkeys

A

Diarrhoea, unthriftiness

Protozoa

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17
Q

Give some digestive tract problems of poultry

A

Sour crop/crop mycosis
Impacted/pendulous crop
Impacted gizzard
Bacterial infections eg E.coli, Campylobacter (spotty liver)
Viral infections eg rotavirus
Nutritional diarrhoea
Nutritional disorders eg fatty liver syndrome

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18
Q

What causes spotty liver in poultry?

A

Campylobacter

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19
Q

Give some clinical signs of Chlamydiosis in poultry

A

Purulent ocular and nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, dull and depressed, no response to macrolides

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20
Q

Give 2 clinical signs of Aspergillus funigatus in poultry

A

Dyspnoea (gasping), reduced production

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21
Q

Where in the repro tract does an egg spend the longest amount of time?

A

Uterus

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22
Q

Eggs with a fragile shell indicates a problem in which part of the repro tract?

A

Uterus

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23
Q

What temperature should eggs be stored at?

A

10oC

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24
Q

When can candling of eggs be carried out?

Why is it carried out?

A

9-10 days after incubation

To determine the fertility of eggs

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25
Q

What is the body temperature of a chicken?

A

40-42oC

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26
Q

Which 2 ways can you use to sex chicks?

A 
Vent appearance
Feather appearance (males are more pointed)
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27
Q

Apex egg abnormalities are caused by what?

A

Mycoplasma synovale

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28
Q

What causes a chicken to become egg-bound?

A

Lack of available calcium

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29
Q

What infection causes misshapen/weak eggs, watery whites, rough shells and cystic/atrophic oviducts?

A

IBV

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30
Q

Which virus causes viral arthritis in poultry?

A

Reovirus

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31
Q

Where are B and T cells produced in chickens?

A

B: bursa of fabricius
T: thymus

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32
Q

Which drug do you use to anaesthetise chickens?

A

Ketamine 10mg/kg for up to 1kg birds, 5mg/kg for up to 2kg birds
SC or IM
Isofluorane/sevofluorane

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33
Q

Why should you raise a chickens head when its being anaesthetised?

A

To prevent regurgitation of crop contents

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34
Q

Which analgesic drugs can you give to chickens?

A

Buprenorphine
Carprofen
Ketoprofen
Meloxicam

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35
Q

How do you euthanise a chicken?

A

Pentobarbitone
IV (wing, jugular)
IM (breast muscle)
Intracardiac

Neck dislocation if under 3kg

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36
Q

Why shouldn’t you keep chickens and ducks together?

A

Ducks are pretty resistant to AIV but can give it to chickens/turkeys
AIV= avian influenza virus

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37
Q

Where do you take blood from a duck?

A

Medial metatarsal vein

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38
Q

Give some neonatal problems affecting ducklings

A 
Starving
Yolk sac infection/retention/rupture
Chilling
Leg and wing deformities 
Infections (E.coli, aspergillus fumigatus)
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39
Q

Describe angel wing in ducks

A

Excessive protein intake during rearing causes urates to be deposited in soft joints. Carpal area is last to ossify. Primary feather are last to be produced. The carpal joint deforms with the weight of the blood quills -> primaries point outwards.

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40
Q

How do you treat angel wing in ducks?

A

Reduce protein intake

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41
Q

Ricketts is caused by a deficiency in what?

A

Vitamin D

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42
Q

Which 2 kinds of neoplasia do ducks suffer with?

A

Osteosarcoma

Hepatic tumours

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43
Q

Give some reasons for penile prolapse in birds

A

Venereal disease
Trauma
Significant cold weather
Excessive sexual stimulation

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44
Q

What anaesthesia would you give to poultry and waterfowl?

A

Ketamine (3mg/kg) with medetomidine (150ug/kg)

Reverse with atipamezole

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45
Q

Which analgesia can you give to poultry and waterfowl?

A

Buprenorphine
Carprofen
Ketoprofen

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46
Q

How do you euthanise poultry and waterfowl?

A

IV pentobarbitone

Neck dislocation if less than 3kg

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47
Q

Give some clinical signs of ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) infection in chickens

A

Coughing, sneezing, reduced weight gain, poor FCR, reduced egg production
Airsacculitis, tracheitis, bronchopneumonia

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48
Q

What are the 2 strains of campylobacter that affect chickens?

A

C.coli

C.jejuni

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49
Q

Give some clinical signs of Clostridium enteritis infection in chickens

A

Depression, ruffled feathers, sudden death, increased mortality
Lesions: necrosis of intestinal mucosa, fibrinonecrotic enteritis forming a diphtheritic membrane

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50
Q

What causes avian encephalomyelitis in chickens?

Give some clinical signs in broilers and layers

A

Picornavirus
Tremor of head, neck, legs, paralysis, cataract formation
Layers: drop in egg production

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51
Q

Dyschondroplasia affects which bones of chickens?

What is it influenced by?

A

Proximal tibiotarsus

Influenced by: genetic selection, feed (Ca:P ratios), acid:base balance in feed, mycotoxins

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52
Q

What causes infectious synovitis in chickens?

A

Mycoplasma

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53
Q

Peritonitis in chickens is mostly caused by what?

A

E.coli

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54
Q

How is brachyspira diagonsed in chickens?

A

Appearance of faeces

Confirm with culture or PCR

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55
Q

Describe ‘egg drop syndrome’ in chickens

A

Adenovirus
Shell quality may be affected (soft, rough or thin-shelled; loss of pigments)
Drop in egg production (5-50% decrease)
No specific lesions, likely atrophy of ovary/oviduct

56
Q

How does reticuloendotheliosis affect turkeys?

A

Causes tumours and immunosuppression

57
Q

How do you prevent and treat coccidiosis in turkeys?

A

Prevent/treat: coccidiostats eg diclazuril, monensin, lasalocid
Toltrazuril, sulphonamides, amprolium
Treatment: antibiotics eg amoxycillin, tetracyclines, tylosin

58
Q

How do you control Blackhead in turkeys?

A 
Control worms (Heterakis, intermediate host) with Flubendazole
No specific treatment against Histomonas
59
Q

Give the clinical signs of turkey coronavirus

A

Severe depression with little/no mortality
High morbidity
Watery scour, 9-11 weeks
Some dullness

60
Q

Describe astrovirus in turkeys

A 
5-10 days old
Severe typhilitis (inflammation of caeca) -> high culling -> economic losses
61
Q

Describe rotavirus in turkeys

A

2-3 weeks old
Enteritis, vent pecking
Secondary spironucleosis (protozoa)

62
Q

How does ornithobacterium rhinotracheale affect turkeys?

A

Mild respiratory disease (more severe in chickens)
12-14 weeks old
Lameness due to joint infection

63
Q

Turkey coryza is known by which other name?

A

Bordetellosis (Bordatella avium)

64
Q

How would you recognise septicaemia in a bird?

A

Red colouration of body (engorged blood vessels)

Enlarged, red liver

65
Q

How would you diagnose aspergillosis in birds?

A

Nodules in air sacs

66
Q

Give some clinical signs of Spironucleosis and trichononiasis in game birds

A

Watery diarrhoea (often yellow and frothy), dehydration, weight loss, depression, lethargy, death

67
Q

How do you treat Spironucleosis and Trichononiasis in game birds?

A

Antibiotics and electrolytes

68
Q

How do you treat coccidiosis in birds?

A

Toltrazuril, Amprolium

69
Q

What is the most pathogenic Eimeria spp in birds?

Where does it reside?

A

E.colchici

Caecum

70
Q

Give some clinical signs of coccidiosis in birds

A

Dropped wings, weight loss, lethargy, ruffle feathers, death

71
Q

Give some clinical signs of enteritis/dysbacteriosis in game birds
What is the treatment?

A

Scour in growing poults -> dehydration

Tx: antibiotics, acidification of water system, competitive exclusion products, electrolytes

72
Q

What are the 2 primary Mycoplasma species affecting breeders?

A

Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Mycoplasma synoviae

73
Q

What are the clinical signs of mycoplasma infections in poultry?

A

Swelling of infraorbital sinuses, ocular and nasal discharges, breathing difficulties, weight loss, death, decreased egg production and hatchability/chick quality, lameness

74
Q

What are the clinical signs of coronavirus in adult and young gamebirds?

A

Adults: sudden death, urates in kidneys, drop in egg production/hatchability
Young birds: swollen kidneys, deposition of urates in visceral organs

75
Q

Give some clinical signs of Newcastle disease in gamebirds

A

Dullness, depression, diarrhoea, neurological signs, drop in egg production/quality

76
Q

Describe duck virus hepatitis (DVH)

A

3 antigenically different viruses:
Type 1: Picornavirus; death within 1 hour, opisthotonus, 90% mortality
Type 2: Astrovirus
Type 3: Picornavirus; similar signs to type1 but mortality <30%
Adult birds are immune after 7 weeks old (affects birds 2 days to 3 weeks old)
Lesions: enlarged liver, petecchial/ecchymotic haemorrhages, fatty kidneys, septicaemic carcass

77
Q

How do you control duck virus hepatitis?

A

Breeders: live and inactivated vaccines
Ducklings: live vaccine

78
Q

Describe duck viral enteritis (DVE)

A

Herpesvirus
Breeders more susceptible (younger birds have maternal antibodies to protect them)
Spread through water, oral and faecal routes
Virus can remain latent inside host and is expressed when bird is stressed

79
Q

Give the clinical signs of duck virus enteritis

A 
Ataxia
Ocular discharge, pasty eyelids
Nasal discharge
Diarrhoea with blood
Photophobia
Normally good BCS
Drop in egg production
80
Q

What are the clinical signs of avian influenza?

A

Small increase in mortality
Drop in egg production
Decreased feed and water consumption
Little subdued

81
Q

Why does aspergillosis cause gasping?

A

Fungus grows well in airsacs, prevents full expansion

Also causes blockage

82
Q

Describe the difference between chickens and turkeys vs ducks regarding Newcastle disease

A

Chickens and turkeys: severe clinical signs

Ducks: relatively resistant, no clinical signs in younger birds

83
Q

What are the clinical signs of Riemerella anatipestifer in ducks

A

Polyserositis (inflammation of serous membranes), exudates and fibrin covering visceral organs and cavity
Lymphoid necrosis of white pulp of spleen

84
Q

Which Salmonella strains affect ducks?

A

S. indiana, S. kedougou

85
Q

Give some clinical signs of Chlamydia infections in ducks

A

Conjunctivitis, anorexia, ruffled feathers

86
Q

What is Derzy’s disease?

A

Goose Viral Hepatitis (parvovirus)

87
Q

What lesions are seen on PM with Derzy’s disease (goose viral hepatitis)?

A

Fibrinous pseudomembrane on tongue and oral cavity, peri-hepatitis, lung oedema, catarrhal enteritis

88
Q

What are the clinical signs of Derzy’s disease (goose viral hepatitis)?

A

<7 days old: up to 100% mortality within 2-5 days, lethargy, nasal discharge, profuse white diarrhoea, growth retardation, ascites (‘penguin-like standing’)
2-4 weeks old: mortality up to 10%

89
Q

Give some signs that indicate that a pigeon is healthy

A 
Normal droppings
Alert
Good posture
Clear bright eyes
Movements are strong and vigorous
Skin, plumages, shanks and feet are clean
Actively feeding and drinking
90
Q

Give some signs of an unhealthy pigeon

A

Abnormal/watery droppings
Evidence of not eating or drinking
Not laying eggs/eggs failing to hatch
Little or no preening/loss of bloom/ruffled feathers
Little/different noise
Hunched up, huddled together, pale wattles, sunken eyes
Little or no activity, failure to exercise, tail bobbing, dropping wings

91
Q

What is the body temp of a pigeon?

A

39.8-43.4oC

92
Q

What is the resp rate of a pigeon?

A

26brpm

93
Q

What is the heart rate of a pigeon?

A

180-250 bpm

94
Q

What are pigeons vaccinated against?

A

Paramyxovirus

95
Q

Name a louse species of pigeons

A

Columbicola columbae (slender pigeon louse)

96
Q

How do you treat louse infestations in pigeons?

A

Permethin powders, sprays, carbaryl, ivermectin spot-ons

97
Q

Give 4 mites that affect pigeons

A 
Depluming itch mite (Knemidocoptes gallinae)
Red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae)
Northern Fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum)
Scaly leg mite (Knemidocoptes mutans)
98
Q

Give some clinical signs of paramyxovirus in pigeons

A

Neurological signs: torticolis (head drooping on one side), unable to feed or fly, sudden death in chicks and newly weaned, feathering abnormalities, PU and PD
Some recover but with chronic PU

99
Q

What causes canker in pigeons?

A

Trichomonas (protozoa)

100
Q

How is canker spread in pigeons?

A

Via crop milk

101
Q

How do you treat canker in pigeons?

A

Carmidazole, rondidazole, dimetridazole (antiprotozoals)

102
Q

Give some clinical signs of coccidial infection in pigeons

A

Fluffed up, weak, emaciated, drink a lot, green diarrhoea

103
Q

Give some treatment for coccidial infections in pigeons

A

Clazuril, sulphonamides, toltrazuril, amprolium

104
Q

When do pigeons lay eggs?

A

8-10 days post-pairing, another one after 2 days

Breed all year round

105
Q

How long is the incubation period for pigeons?

A

17-19 days

106
Q

How are pigeon chicks fed?

A

Fed crop milk for 1-4 days, followed by digested corn

107
Q

When do pigeon chicks fledge?

A

24 days old

108
Q

What is ‘roach back’?

A

Kyphosis: convex, curved spine

109
Q

Which Salmonella species affect chickens and ducks?

A

Chickens: S. typhimurium
Ducks: S. enteritidae

110
Q

Name the only two notifiable diseases of chickens

A

Newcastle disease

Avian influenza

111
Q

Name the only notifiable disease of pigeons

A

Pigeon paramyxovirus

112
Q

How do you diagnose Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in chickens?

A

Culture, PCR

113
Q

How do you treat and prevent Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in chickens?

A

ABs: amoxycillin, chlortetracycline, macrolides
Vaccine (autogenous)
Biosecurity and management improvements

114
Q

How do you diagnose Clostridium enteritis in chickens?

A

Clinical signs, PM lesions, culture, PCR

115
Q

How do you treat and prevent Clostridium enteritis in chickens?

A

Antibiotics

Improve biosecurity and management

116
Q

How do you diagnose avian encephalomyelitis in chickens?

A

Histopathology, PCR

117
Q

How do you treat avian encephalomyelitis in chickens?

A

No treatment

Prevent with vaccine

118
Q

What causes Ricketts?

Give the clinical signs

A

Calcium/phosphorus or vitamin D deficiency
Rubbery bones
Bird is unable to support itself, increased skeletal deformities

119
Q

How do you diagnose Brachyspira infections in poultry?

A

Culture and PCR

Appearance of faeces (pale brown)

120
Q

How do you prevent and treat Brachyspira infections in poultry?

A

Organic acid programmes

Macrolides

121
Q

Give some causes of lameness in commercial turkeys

A

Bacterial arthritis-Staphylococcus, E. coli, Erysipelas, Pasteurella
Long bone distortion
Osteomyelitis
Scoliosis

122
Q

How does Bordatella avium affect turkeys?

A

URT infection, secondary infections eg E. coli

Dyspnoea, ocular and nasal discharge, swollen sinuses, coughing, sneezing

123
Q

Where do you vaccinate turkeys?

A

Pectoral muscle

124
Q

What lesions would you see on PM of a duck with duck virus hepatitis (DVH)?

A

Enlarged liver, petecchial/ecchymotic haemorrhages, fatty kidneys, septicaemic carcasses

125
Q

What lesions would you see on PM of a duck with duck virus enteritis (DVE)?

A 
Multiple haemorrhages in tissues
Free blood in body cavity
Petechial haemorrhages on visceral organs
Haemorrhages on oesophageal mucosa
Necrotic foci on liver and oesophagus
126
Q

What would you see on a PM of a duck with avian influenza?

A

Aspergillosis
Salpingitis (inflammation of fallopian tubes)
Airsacculitis
Egg peritonitis

127
Q

How does Newcastle disease affect ducks?

A

Ducks are relatively resistant
Major drop in egg production
No clinical signs in younger birds

128
Q

What are the 4 major viruses that affect ducks?

A

Duck viral hepatitis
Duck viral enteritis
Newcastle disease
Avian influenza

129
Q

Give some clinical signs of Aspergillus fumigatus in ducks

A

Gasping, weight loss, anorexia, death

130
Q

What kind of virus is Avian Influenza virus?

A

Orthomyxovirus

131
Q

What kind of virus is Newcastle Disease virus?

A

Paramyxovirus

132
Q

Give some conditions that affect young (2-14 day old) commercial gamebird chicks

A

Yolk sac infection
Septicaemia
Starve out (many causes inc. poor feed, chill-effect after hatching)
Aspergillosis (gasping, weight loss)
Rotavirus (depression, dropped wings, huddling, ruffled feathers)

133
Q

Give some clinical signs of Rotavirus in young (2-14 day old) chicks

A

Depression, dropped wings, closed eyes, huddling, ruffled feathers, death

134
Q

Give some clinical signs of spironucleosis and trichomoniasis in young poults

A

Watery diarrhoea (often yellow and frothy), dehydration, weight loss, depression, lethargy, death

135
Q

How do you treat and prevent Eimeria?

A

Treatment: Toltrazuril (Baycox), Amprolium
Prevention: decrease stocking density, in-feed coccidiostat

136
Q

How do you treat and prevent Mycoplasma in breeders?

A

Prevention: vaccine
Treatment: antibiotics, macrolides, fluoroquinalones

Year 4 (51 decks)

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