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Year 4 > Bovine Reproduction > Flashcards

Bovine Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

How many follicular waves does the average cow have in a follicular cycle?

A

2-3

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2
Q

What is luteolysis determined by?

A

Prostaglandin receptors

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3
Q

What does AI success depend on?

A

Reliable oestrus detection

Use of fertile/proven sires

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4
Q

Is it better to inseminate too early or too late?

A

Too early

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5
Q

How many sperm are there in a straw?

A

12 million

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6
Q

When does endometritis tend to occur?

A

21 days + post-calving

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7
Q

When does metritis tend to occur?

A

Up to 21 days post-calving

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8
Q

Give some differentials for vulval discharge in a cow

A 
Pyelonephritis
RFM
Endometritis
Metritis
Cystitis
Vaginitis
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9
Q

How would you diagnose pyelonephritis in a cow with vulval discharge?

A

Catheterisation of bladder

Palpate kidneys per rectum (will be painful if inflamed)

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10
Q

Which antibiotics tend to concentrate in the urine?

Give a condition this could be used for

A

Penicillin (hence useful for pyelonephritis)

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11
Q

Why is it worth cleaning a cows tail when investigating vulval discharge?

A

So you can identify any further discharge

If not, can’t tell whether discharge is new or old

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12
Q

How can you administer tetracyclines?

A 
Liquid suspension (injection)
Tablets to be inserted into the uterus (pessaries) (milk withhold of 4 days)
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13
Q

Do 1st gen cephalosporins have a milk withhold?

A

No

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14
Q

Why may iodine be used in cases of vulvular discharge?

A

Releases prostaglandin from uterus

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15
Q

What are the 4 stages in the follicular cycle?

A

Emergence -> selection -> dominance -> atresia

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16
Q

What do the umbilical arteries become in calves?

A

Lateral ligaments of bladder

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17
Q

What does the umbilical vein become in calves?

A

Round ligament of liver

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18
Q

What does the urachus become in calves?

A

Median umbilical ligament

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19
Q

Where does the umbilical vein lead to in calves?

A

Liver

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20
Q

What should you check when diagnosing umbilical swelling in calves?

A 
Suck reflex
Joint ill
Spread/source of infection
Lungs 
CNS
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21
Q

If an umbilical swelling in a calf is reducible into the abdomen what kind of hernia is it?

A

Simple hernia

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22
Q

If an umbilical swelling in a calf is partially reducible into the abdomen, what kind of hernia is it?

A

Hernia and abscess

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23
Q

If an umbilical swelling in a calf is irreducible into the abdomen what kind of hernia is it?

A

Abscess

Hernia complicated by incarceration/strangulation/adhesions

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24
Q

What would a pitting oedema signify in a calf with an umbilical hernia?

A

Urolithiasis (bladder stones) and urethral rupture

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25
Q

How can you identify discharging tracts in a calf with umbilical hernia?

A

Pass a blunt probe (eg bitch urinary catheter) to see which direction it goes/how far etc
Inject radio-opaque contrast medium and take radiographs with US

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26
Q

What is fibrinogen an indicator of?

A

Chronic inflammation

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27
Q

What is the usual cause of simple hernias in calves?

A

Genetic

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28
Q

How big must a simple umbilical hernia be for you to perform surgery?

A

Larger than one finger diameter

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29
Q

How should a calf be treated after umbilical hernia surgery?

A

Must have minimum 1 month box rest and not be turned out for 3 months after surgery to avoid wound breakdown
Add calf to a group of smaller animals to prevent bullying

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30
Q

What sedative should you use when performing surgery on a calf with a simple umbilical hernia?

A

Xylazine

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31
Q

What local anaesthetic should you use when performing surgery on a calf with a simple umbilical hernia?

A

Procaine

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32
Q

Which incision should you make when performing surgery on a calf with a simple umbilical hernia?

A

Elliptical incision

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33
Q

Describe the surgical approach to surgery on a calf with a simple umbilical hernia

A

Dissect down the edges of the hernia ring using Metzenbaum dissection scissors to free the peritoneum
Hernial sac will fall back into the abdomen, allowing the edges to be drawn together
(Do not open sac unless incarcerated/adhesions)

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34
Q

What is the cause of an infected umbilicus/abscess outside the body wall in a calf with umbilical hernia?

A

A.Pyogenes or E.Coli

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35
Q

How would you treat an infected umbilicus/abscess outside the body wall in a calf with umbilical hernia?

A

Antibiotics eg amoxicillin +/- open abscess cavity and flush with saline/disinfectants twice daily
Need several weeks treatment to prevent recurrence

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36
Q

How would you treat a patent/infected urachus in a calf with an umbilical hernia?

A

Flush and give antibiotics

May require surgery to remove urachus and infected umbilical arteries 1 or 2 stage process

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37
Q

How would you treat an infected umbilical vein in a calf with an umbilical hernia?

A

If doesn’t extend to liver, treat as for urachus (flush/antibiotics/surgery)
If tracks to liver, can try surgery if no systemic signs-partial hepatectomy
Maruspialisation of vein out of body wall to drain abscess
Poor prognosis

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38
Q

Give some complications of umbilical hernia surgery in calves

A

Seroma
Re-herniation
Infection

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39
Q

Why might a cow not have come into oestrus?

A
  • Cysts
  • Persistent CL
  • Nutritional anoestrus (NEB)
  • Cycling but oestrus not observed/no behavioural changes
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40
Q

What would it mean if you found the following when doing a vaginal exam:

  • Pus
  • Clear mucous
  • Blood
A
  • Pus: endometritis
  • Clear mucous: oestrus
  • Blood: metoestrus
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41
Q

How big is a follicular cyst?

A

25mm+ diameter

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42
Q

Give the 2 types of commercial prostaglandin

A
  • Estrumate (GnRH analogue; Cloprostomol)

- Dinoprost (synthetic)

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43
Q

Where are prostaglandin drugs metabolised?

Give a possible side effect

A
  • Lungs

- Asthma, Blackleg

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44
Q

How soon after calving does the first follicular wave occur?

A

5-10 days

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45
Q

How would you describe the nature of the first ovulation after calving?

A

Silent

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46
Q

How long does oestrus last (ie how long will a cow stand to be mounted)?

A

12 hours

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47
Q

Give some signs of a cow in oestrus

A
  • Standing to be mounted (best indicator)
  • Chin resting
  • Licking
  • Bunting
  • Mounting head to head
  • Sniffing vulva
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48
Q

What could you recommend to a farmer to be able to tell whether or not a cow is in heat?

A
  • Pain/chalk/ Kamar (changes colour when mounted by another cow)
  • Pedometers
  • Record keeping
  • Teaser bull
  • Monitor progesterone
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49
Q

How long does the oestrus cycle last?

A

18-24 days

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50
Q

How long does it take for involution of the uterus to occur after calving?

A

3-4 weeks

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51
Q

What stimulates the first follicular wave post-calving?

A

Increase in FSH

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52
Q

How long after calving does the first oestrus occur?

A

2-3 weeks (unless ill/NEB)

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53
Q

Give some negative factors for using natural service over AI

A
  • Lack of genetic variation

- Potential for injury to both cow and bull

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54
Q

Define metritis

A
  • Inflammation of all layers of uterus (abnormally enlarged uterus and purulent uterine discharge detectable in the vagina)
  • Occurs within 21 days after calving
55
Q

What are the 3 grades of metritis

A

1) Enlarged uterus, purulent uterine discharge, no pyrexia/illness
2) ‘Puerperal metritis’: overt systemic illness (decreased milk yield, fever >39.5oC, reduced appetite)
3) ‘Toxaemic metritis’: signs of toxaemia (cold extremities, dullness)

56
Q

Define pyometra

A

Accumulation of purulent material within the uterine lumen, in the presence of a CL and a closed cervix

57
Q

Define endometritis

A

Inflammation of functional wall of uterus (purulent uterine discharge detectable in the vagina)
Occurs after 21 days post-partum

58
Q

Give some risk factors for uterine bacterial infection

A

-RFM
-Abortion
-Dystocia
-Twins
(also induction, multiparous, milk fever)

59
Q

Which pathogens are most likely to cause uterine disease?

A
  • E coli
  • Trueperella pyogenes
  • BHV-4 (endometritis)
  • Dichelobacter nodosus
  • Fusobacterium necrophorum
60
Q

Give some symptoms of cystic ovarian disease

A
  • Anoestrus
  • Nymphomania (due to a pathological expression of oestrus)
  • Extending calving interval
  • More common <60 days post-calving
61
Q

Describe follicular cysts

A
  • Thin walls (<3mm)
  • Fluid-filled
  • Internal diameter >25mm
  • Last for 10 days
62
Q

Describe luteal cysts

A
  • Luteinised follicular cyst
  • Thick walls (>3mm; indicates progesterone production)
  • External diameter >25mm
  • Fluid-filled lacuna
  • Last for 10 days
63
Q

How can you diagnose uterine cysts?

A
  • Palpation
  • US
  • Milk progesterone?
64
Q

Which drug is most successful in treating endometritis?

A

Oxytetracycline

65
Q

Which abortion-causing microbes have vaccines?

A
  • Brucella
  • Lepto
  • BHV-1
  • BVDV
66
Q

What is the difference between a primary and secondary abortion pathogen?

A
  • Primary: cause damage to and cross the fetomaternal barrier (eg Brucella)
  • Secondary: need another agent to create damage so it can cross the fetomaternal barrier (eg salmonella)
67
Q

When in gestation do most pathogens cause abortion?

A

4 months +

68
Q

Give some primary infectious agents that cause abortion

A
  • Brucella abortus
  • BVDV
  • BHV-1
  • Leptospira borgpetersenii (commensal in repro tract)
  • Neospora
  • Parainfluenza 3
69
Q

Give some secondary infectious agents that cause abortion

A

Gram +ve: streps and staphs, Staph aureus, Trueperella pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes
Gram -ve: E coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Histophilus somni, Leptospira borgpetersenii, Salmonella

70
Q

Give the 3 routes of infection for abortion

A
  • Resident flora of repro tract during pregnancy
  • Transplacenral
  • Haematogenous (ie viruses)
71
Q

What is the most common cause of abortion in cattle?

A

Neospora (12.5% of UK abortion)

72
Q

What is the most likely outcome of pregnancy in a cow infected with Neospora?

A

Birth of clinically normal, PI calf

73
Q

What kind of virus is BVDV?

A

Pestivirus

74
Q

In which organ can Leptospirosis reside?

A

Kidney

75
Q

How do you treat Leptospirosis?

A
  • Antibiotics: prolonged course of dihydrostreptomycin or oxytetracycline
  • Can control with vaccination
76
Q

Which Salmonella serovar is most associated with bovine abortion?

A

S. Dublin

77
Q

What increases shedding of Salmonella?

A

Stress eg around calving

78
Q

When do you vaccinate against Salmonella?

A

2 months pre-calving

Should also vaccinate youngstock

79
Q

How would you diagnose a calf persistently infected with BVDV?

A

Can detect in blood from 1 month old (if <30 days, MDAs interfere)
Ear notch tissue test when tagged

80
Q

You can do bulk milk screens for which abortion-causing pathogens?

A
  • BVDB
  • Lepto
  • Neospora
  • BHV-1
81
Q

How can you identify Campylobacter as a cause of abortion?

A
  • Preputial washing of bulls (use warm phosphate-buffered saline)
  • Vaginal mucus collection (minimum of 12 samples)
82
Q

When during pregnancy does Neospora cause abortion?

A

Between months 4 and 6

83
Q

How can you use radiography to see if an aborted calf died from BVD?

A

Radio-opaque lines will be present on bones

84
Q

Give a developmental lesion associated with BVD in calves

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia

85
Q

When does T cell recognition of the calf’s own self occur during gestation?

A

90-120 days gestation

86
Q

In which ways can Neospora cause abortion?

A
  • Cattle ingest oocytsts -> transplacental transmission -> PI calf or abortion or uninfected weak calf
  • PI cow recrudesces during pregnancy -> PI calf or abortion or uninfected weak calf
87
Q

How can you diagnose neospora in an aborted calf?

A

Brain histopath

88
Q

How can you control Neospora?

A

Keep dogs away from cattle feed and water and don’t allow to eat placentas
Cull seropositive animals and offspring? (often not practical as high prevalence)
Breed to beef and do not keep or sell as replacement heifers
Use sexed semen to get more heifers from uninfected animals

89
Q

What is the incubation period for BVD?

A

5-7 days

90
Q

Give the likely outcomes of infection with BVD at the following gestations:
0-95 days
95-120 days
120-285 days

A

0-95 days: abortion or resorption
95-120 days: PI calf
120-285 days: sero-positive foetus +/- congenital lesions. Abortions may occur due to placentitis

91
Q

Give some effects of BVD on cows

A

Lowered pregnancy rates (affects the epithelia lining the repro tract)
Abortion
PI calves
Congenital abnormalities (of calves affected after day 120 of gestation)
Mucosal disease

92
Q

Give some clinical signs of mucosal disease (caused by BVD)

A

Ulcerations of mucosa (particularly tongue, soft palate, ginigiva & oesophagus)
Ill thrift
Diarrhoea
+/- Concurrent respiratory disease (immune suppression)

93
Q

How is leptospirosis excreted by cows?

A

In urine

94
Q

Give some clinical signs of leptospirosis in cows

A 
Cow often in latent state
Abortion, stillbirth, weak calves
Infertility
RFM
Milk drop (uncommon)
95
Q

How do you diagnose leptospirosis in cows?

A

Bulk milk antibody testing gauges level of infection in herd
Serology
Identification of leptospires from aborted tissue, blood or urine by IF or PCR

96
Q

How is Camplylobacter fetus venerealis spread?

A

Venereally

97
Q

How does Camplylobacter fetus venerealis cause infertility?

A

Early embryonic loss within first 3 weeks of conception

98
Q

What is the difference between Camplylobacter fetus venerealis and Campylobacter fetus fetus?

A

Camplylobacter fetus venerealis causes early embryonic loss within first 3 weeks of conception
Campylobacter fetus fetus causes abortion

99
Q

Give the clinical signs of Trichomonas fetus

A

Occasionally causes abortion
More commonly causes poor pregnancy rates
Pyometra and endometritis

100
Q

How is Trichomonas fetus spread?

A

Natural service

101
Q

How can you estimate gestational age of aborted foetuses?

A

Crown-rump length

102
Q

Which sample would you need from an aborted calf when investigating BVD?

A

Spleen (PCR)

103
Q

How do you treat Campylobacter in bulls?

A

Systemic: Streptomycin 10mg/kg

Sheath lavage: 100ml pen/strep

104
Q

How long does oestrus last in the cow?

A

24 hours

105
Q

When does a cow ovulate?

A

12 hours after the end of oestrus

106
Q

Which hormone is essential for embryo growth?

A

Progesterone

107
Q

How do you calculate submission rate?

A

No of cows served / no of cows eligible

108
Q

How do you calculate pregnancy rate?

A

No of cow pregnant / no of cows served

109
Q

When can you detect a calf’s heartbeat in a pregnant cow?

A

Day 28

110
Q

Which endocrine changes are associated with ovarian cyst formation?

A

Reduced LH surge

Persistently increased oestrogen levels

111
Q

Give some effects of milk fever

A

RFM
Endometritis
Difficulty calving

112
Q

When is a cow’s peak milk yield after calving?

A

8 weeks after calving

113
Q

How do follicles and CLs feel when doing a rectal examination?

A

Follicles: blister-like
CL: firm sponge

114
Q

What are the 3 accessory sex glands of a bull?

A 
Seminal vesicles (cranial to prostate)
Prostate
Bulbourethral gland (caudal to prostate)
115
Q

How do you score endometritis based on vaginal mucus appearance?

A 
0= clear/translucent mucus
1= mucus containing flecks of white or off-white pus
2= <50ml exudate containing <50% white/off-white mucopurulent material
3= >50ml exudate containing purulent material, usually white or yellow, occasionally serosanguinous (containing blood), very unpleasant odour
116
Q

What does the calf embryo secrete to signal its presence? How is this different from a foal?

A

Calf embryo secretes interferon tau

Foal embryo moves around the uterus

117
Q

How do you diagnose pyoderma?

A

Enlarged uterus
CL
Check ultrasound for pus

118
Q

How do you treat pyoderma?

A

Prostaglandin

119
Q

Give some predisposing factors of cystic ovarian disease

A 
High milk production
NEB and ketosis; raised NEFAs
Twinning and periparturient problems
Genetic predisposition
Higher parity 
Excess BCS at drying off
120
Q

What effects do follicular cysts have on the oestrus cycle?

A

Secrete oestradiol for the first half of their lifespan -> other follicles can’t develop, and prolonged oestradiol inhibits the LH surge

121
Q

What % of cows should a fertile bull get pregnant?

A

Should get 90% of 50 normal, cycling, disease free, females pregnant within 9 weeks
60% should become pregnant within the first 3 weeks of the breeding period

122
Q

What BCS should a bull be at the start of the breeding period?

A

3 or 3.5

123
Q

What are the treatment options for penile haematoma in a bull?

A

Cull
Medical: sexual rest for 2 months. Cold hosing for 4 days followed by warm hosing and massage for 3 weeks. ABs to stop abscess formation & NSAIDs
Surgical: removal of blood clot and suturing of tunica albuginea where possible. Followed by medical treatment.

124
Q

What causes penile fibropapilloma in bulls?

A

Bovine papilloma virus

Most common in young bulls

125
Q

How do you treat penile fibropapillomas in bulls?

A

Removal can be done standing under a pudendal nerve block

126
Q

What are the main venereal diseases that can be transmitted by bulls?

A

Campylobacter fetus venerealis
Trichomonas foetus
BHV 1

127
Q

Give some clinical signs of Campylobacter fetus venerealis in cows

A

Endometritis after service
Failure to conceive
Late embryonic death (irregular return to service)
Abortion (usually 4-5 months)

128
Q

Do cows and bulls develop immunity to Campylobacter fetus venerealis?

A

Cows develop immunity after a few months and can get pregnant again but may shed for up to 1 year
Bulls do not develop immunity

129
Q

How do you diagnose Campylobacter fetus venerealis in cows and bulls?

A

Cows: vaginal mucus culture
Bulls: sheath washing and culture

130
Q

What is the voluntary waiting period?

How long should it be?

A

Time between calving and first service

50 days

131
Q

Give some differentials for a cow that calved last night and is dull, unwilling to stand, off her food, tachycardic, with no rumen turnover

A 
Hypocalcaemia (usually occurs within 72 hours of parturition)
Toxic mastitis (E.coli, Klebsiella)
Trauma at calving
Hypomagnasaemia
Ketosis (would usually happen 21 days post-calving)
Metritis
Fracture
Poisoning
Haemorrhage
Nerve/muscle damage
Hyperphosphataemia
DA (would usually happen 21 days post-calving)
132
Q

Give some differentials for a cow that is 80 days post-calving and has not been seen in oestrus

A 
Cystic ovary (follicular or luteal cyst)
Missed heats (poor heat detection)
Endometritis (unlikely if no vulval discharge)
Mastitis
DA
Hypocalcaemia
Persistent CL
Nutritional anoestrus (eg in NEB)
133
Q

How do you treat a follicular or luteal cyst?

A

GnRH followed by prostaglandin 7 days later
Can use an ovulation synchronisation programme (eg GnRH, then prostaglandin 7 days later, then a second administration of GnRH 48hr later, and finally TAI 0–24 hr later)

134
Q

Give a differential for a cow that calved 28 days ago with white muco-purulent vulval discharge

A

Endometritis

Year 4 (51 decks)

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