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PSYC3020 Applications > HealthPsyc2 > Flashcards

HealthPsyc2 Flashcards

1
Q

Health behaviour: • behavioural pathogens:

A

Matarazzo (1984)

• the health damaging/health risk behaviours such as
excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, fatty diet.

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2
Q

Chronic disease in Australia

A

“heart disease, stroke, cancer and other chronic
diseases looming epidemics that will take the
greatest toll in deaths and disability” (WHO, 2005)
• Chronic diseases impact heavily on:
• Burden upon patients/carers
• Rates of death/disability
• Use of health services
• Healthcare expenditure
See slide for graphs of behavioural contributors

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3
Q

Primary causes of death in Australia

A

Coronary heart disease
-Smoking -Diet -Exercise -Alcohol

Stroke (and other cerebrovascular diseases)
-Smoking -Diet -Alcohol -Exercise

Cancer (primarily lung, breast, prostate, colorectal)
-Smoking -Alcohol -Diet -Health Screening -Self-Examination

Dementia
-Smoking (?) -Alcohol(?) -Exercise (?) -Diet (?)

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4
Q

Smoking Risks

A 
Increased risk of:
• Coronary heart disease
• Stroke
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Cancer
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5
Q

Daily Smoking Prevalence in Australia

A

2001: 19% 2013: 13%

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6
Q

Never Smoked >100 cigarettes (14+ years)

A

2001: 51% 2013: 60%

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7
Q

Factors associated with smoking

A

• Location
o Remote and very remote areas (2x more likely than major cities)

• SES
o Lower SES (3 x more likely than highest SES)

• Indigeneity
o Indigenous Australians
(2.5x more likely than non-Indigenous)

• Sexual orientation
o Homosexual and bisexual (more likely to
smoke daily than heterosexual)

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8
Q

Why start smoking?

A
  • Modelling (peers, siblings, parents)
  • Social pressure, social learning and reinforcement
  • Weight control
  • Risk-taking or problem behaviours
  • Health cognitions (unrealistic optimism)
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9
Q

Why continue smoking?

A
  • Enjoyment
  • Habit
  • Physical and/or psychological addiction
  • Stress/anxiety management
  • Low self-efficacy
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10
Q

Alcohol

A

“the second most widely used
psychoactive substance in the world
(after caffeine)”
(Julien, 1996, p101)

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11
Q

Alcohol Recommendations (for healthy adults who are not pregnant)

A

• For reducing long-term harm, no more than: 2 drinks a night

 For reducing short-term harm (i.e. injury), no more than: 4 drinks a night

Standard drink= 10g of alcohol

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12
Q

Alcohol Leads to Increased risk of…

A

Short Term
-Road and other accidents
• Domestic and public violence
• Crime

Long term
• Liver disease
• Cancer (oral, oesophagus, larynx)
• High blood pressure
• Pancreatitis
• Brain damage
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13
Q

Alcohol Prevalence • Exceeding guidelines for reducing long-term harm:

A

2001: 21% 2013: 18%

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14
Q

Alcohol Prevalence  Exceeding guidelines for reducing short-term harm:

A

2001: 29% 2013: 26%

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15
Q

Factors associated with risky drinking

A
  • Location:
  • Remote and very remote areas (2x more likely than major cities)
  • SES:
  • Higher SES (more likely to drink in risky quantities than people with lowest SES)

• Indigeneity:
• Indigenous Australians: more abstinence but (if
drinking) more risky

  • Sexual orientation:
  • Homosexual and bisexual (more likely to drink in risky quantities)
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16
Q

Why higher amongst same-sex attracted people?

A

Negative reactions to disclosure of orientation
• (Baiocco et al., 2010)

• Experiences of bisexual-negativity
(Molina et al., 2015)

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17
Q

Recommendations for safer sex

A
  • Regular STI checks
  • Covering potentially infectious areas
  • Preventing/reducing the transfer of bodily fluids between partners

Use of:
• Internal (“female”) or external (“male”) condoms or
gloves during penetrative sex
• Condoms and dental dams for oral sex
• Lubricant to reduce condom breakage during anal
sex

18
Q

With protection, reduced risk of…

A
  • Unwanted pregnancy
  • Infections: e.g.:
  • HIV
  • HPV
  • chlamydia
  • herpes simplex
  • genital warts etc
19
Q

Prevalence (amongst adults who had casual intercourse) • Used condom every time:

A

2002: 41% 2013: 49%

20
Q

Factors associated with condom-use

A

• Amongst women:
• Age (less likely after 30)
• Excessive alcohol consumption (less likely after >
alcohol)
• Amongst men:
• Number of sexual partners (more likely with more than
one partner)

21
Q

Why not use protection?

A
  • Social:
  • Difficulty/embarrassment in raising issue
  • Anticipated objection
  • Worry about STI implications
  • Lack of self-efficacy for correct use
  • Attitudes:
  • Reduced spontaneity
  • Unrealistically positive
22
Q

Exercise Recommendations (for adults)

A
  • Moderate activity, at least 150-300 min/week: eg. 30 mins 5 days a week
  • Vigorous activity, at least 75-150 min/week:
23
Q

Exercise Benefits

A 
Reduced risk of:
Physical:
• Cardiovascular disease
• Type II diabetes
• Cancer (colon, breast)
Psychological:
Brown et al. (2012)
• Anxiety disorders + symptoms
• Major depressive disorder + symptoms
• Stress
24
Q

Prevalence (amongst adults)

• Meeting exercise guidelines:

A

2005: 30% 2012: 43%

25
Q

Factors associated with exercising

A
  • Age:
  • Younger (more likely to meet guidelines)
  • SES:
  • Higher (more likely to meet guidelines)
  • Education
  • Higher (more likely to meet guidelines)
  • Location
  • Major cities (more likely to meet guidelines)
26
Q

Why exercise? Why not exercise?

A
  • Internal
  • Self-efficacy
  • Lack of interest
  • Enjoyment
  • External
  • Time constraints
  • Modeling from family
  • Social support
  • Number of active neighbors
27
Q

Health Diet Recommendations (for women)

A

2 fruit & 5 veg servings

28
Q

Health Diet Recommendations (for men)

A

2 fruit & 6 veg servings

29
Q

Serving Size

A 
• Vegetable serve is 75g
• About half a cup of cooked
vegetables or a cup of raw
vegetables like lettuce.
• Fruit serve is 150g
• 2 small pieces of fruit or one
medium size piece of fruit.
30
Q

Healthy Eating Benefits

A

Reduced risk of:
• Coronary heart disease
• Stroke
• Lung cancer

31
Q

Prevalence (amongst adults)

• Meeting fruit guidelines:

A

2005: 54% 2012: 49%

32
Q

Prevalence (amongst adults)

 Meeting vegetable guidelines:

A

2005: 14% 2012: 6%

33
Q

Factors associated with F&V consumption

A

• SES:
• Higher (more likely to meet guidelines)
• Age:
5-7 years: 55% 12-34 years: 4% 55+ years: 8%

34
Q

Why not eat F&V?

A

• Parental socialisation
• Permissiveness; feeding practices (Vereecken, Rovner, & Maes, 2010)
• Perceived and/or actual barriers:
• Lack of knowledge and skills
• Length of preparation time (Lea, Worsley & Crawford, 2005)
• Cost and availability (e.g. rural areas) (Lee et al., 2002)
• Misinformation:
• Consumers reluctant to eat vegetarian diet because of
concerns about lack of nutrients and iron (Lea & Worsley, 2001)

35
Q

Why eat F&V? (Young Australians)

A 
Pearson, Ball and Crawford (2011)
• 12-15 year olds in Victoria
Why eat F&V? (Young Australians)
• Vegetables:
• Peer support
• Self-efficacy
• Perceived availability of F&V in the home
  • Fruit:
  • Healthy eating value
  • Modeling by mother
  • Self-efficacy
  • Perceived availability of energy-dense food in the home
36
Q

HPV Vaccination Recomendations

A
  • Ideally, before sexually active

* Free nationally for 12-13 year olds

37
Q

Benefits (of vaccination with Gardasil)

A 
Protects against HPV types 16 and 18. Amongst cancers attributable to HPV, types 16 and 18 cause approximately:
• 75% of cervical cancers
• 85% of vulvar and vaginal cancers
• 90% of cancers of the mouth/throat
• 75% of penile cancer
• 95% of anal cancers
• Also protects against HPV types 6 and 11, which cause:
• 90% of genital warts
38
Q

Prevalence

• Had all three vaccinations:

A

National HPV Program Initiated in 2007

in 2011:
Girls 12-17: 71% Women 18-26: 33%

39
Q

Factors associated with HPV Vaccination uptake

A
  • Health insurance status (may not be issue in Australia)
  • Program location (schools)
  • Recommendation by health care professional
  • Parental concern about:
  • safety and side-effects
  • initiation of early sexual behaviour (? Although unlikely to be a founded concern)
40
Q

behavioural immunogens:

A

• the health protective/health enhancing behaviours such as exercise, health screening uptake, breast self
examination, and low fat diets.

PSYC3020 Applications (24 decks)

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