Lecture 3

Question 1

formula for calculating mean arterial pressure

Answer 1

MAP= (2 X diastolic) + systolic / 3

Question 2

different classes of lipoprotein molecules

Answer 2

LDL
VLDL
HDL

Question 3

How is LDL removed from circulation?

Answer 3

macrophages remove 30%

scavenger pathway remove 70%

Question 4

What are the treatments for hypercholesterolemia?

Answer 4

Statins inhibit enzyme HMG-CoA reductase resulting in the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in liver and reduces VLDL as well as triglycerides and increase HDL levels

Question 5

What are varicose veins?

Answer 5

an abnormal diffuse dilation of veins

Question 6

primary varicose veins

Answer 6

arise in superficial veins and they are common after age 50, caused by leaky venous valves, obesity, congenital, and accelerated by work

Question 7

Secondary varicose veins

Answer 7

arise in deeper veins when the flow in channels is impaired or blocked

Question 8

True aneurysm

Answer 8

occur when the wall of the blood vessel remains intact

Question 9

false or pseudoaneursym

Answer 9

localized rupture in the inner wall of the artery leading to extravascular hematoma

Question 10

Berry aneurysms

Answer 10

small dilations in vessel and common in the circle of willis

Question 11

Fusiform

Answer 11

involves the circumference of the vessel ie whole ascending aorta

Question 12

Saccular

Answer 12

sac like often filled with thrombi, common in cerebral vessels

Question 13

Dissecting

Answer 13

a false aneurysm and occurs due to tear in t. intima

Question 14

Aortic aneurysm

Answer 14

may involve ascending, arch, descending or abdominal. Due to the weakness in wall of aorta or atherosclerosis and there is an increased risk of rupture.

Question 15

DVT

Answer 15

deep vein thrombosis
can be superficial or deep vein, more common in lower extremities
Mostly asymptomatic but when symptoms arise, pain, swelling and deep muscle tenderness

Question 16

risk factors for dvt

Answer 16

DVT can be complicated by pulmonary embolism
bed rest, immobility, spinal cord injury, acute MI, CHF, shock, and venous obstruction. Hyperactivity of blood coagulation due stress, pregnancy, oral contraceptive, dehydration or cancer. Vascular trauma due to hip surgery or venous catheters

Question 17

treatment for dvt

Answer 17

Exercising legs and wearing support stockings, 15 to 20 degree elevation, avoiding body positions that favor venous pooling, anticoagulant therapy and surgical treatment is only used when patient is at risk at developing pulmonary embolism

Question 18

causes and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency

Answer 18

a condition where the veins can’t pump enough oxygen lacking blood back to the heart
Venous insufficiency leads to tissue congestion, edema, and impairment of tissue nutrition