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Week 1 > General Items - Immunology - First Aid > Flashcards

General Items - Immunology - First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of medullary Sinus in LN?

A

Communicates with efferent lymphatics and contains reticular cells and macrophages

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2
Q

Where are the high endothelial venules in LN? What is their purpose?

A

In the paracortex. Its how T/B cells enter the LN from the blood.

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3
Q

Pathophysiology of Splenic dysfunction?

A

Decreased IgM –> decreased compliment activation –> decreased C3b opsonization –> increased susceptibility to encapsulated organisms

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4
Q

Encapsulated organisms?

A 
SHiN SKiS: 
Strep. pneumoiae
Influenzae
Meningitidis
Salmonella
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Group B Strep
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5
Q

Postsplenectomy a/w?

A

Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear remnants, target cells, thrombocytosis

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6
Q

Hassall’s corpuscles

A

In medulla of Thymus

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7
Q

MHC I subtypes?

A

HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C

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8
Q

MHC antigen presentation mech?

A

Ag is loaded in RER with mostly intracellular peptides

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9
Q

MHC I and II molecular components?

A

1: alpha chain and b2-microglobulin
2: alpha chain and beta chain

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10
Q

MHC II subtypes?

A

HLA-DR, -DQ, -DP

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11
Q

MHC II antigen presentation mech?

A

Ag is loaded following release of invariant chain in an acidified endosome

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12
Q

How do NK cells function to kill?

A

Use perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis in virally infected and tumor cells

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13
Q

What enhances NK cells?

A

IL-2, IL-12, IFN-B, IFN-a

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14
Q

When are NK cells induced to kill?

A

when exposed to nonspecific activation signal on target cell and/or to an absence of class I MHC on target cell surface

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15
Q

What is special about dendritic cells form other APCs?

A

Its the only one that can activate a naive T cell

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16
Q

Two signals required for Naive T cell activation?

A

MHC-TCR and B7-CD28

17
Q

Two signals required for B cell activation and class switching?

A

MHC-TCR and CD40-CD40L

18
Q

What proteins are in the cytotoxic granules of CD8 T cells? What is there function?

A

Perforin - Delivers contents of granules to target cell
Granzyme - activates apoptosis
Granulysin - antimicrobial

19
Q

What surface markers are on Treg cells?

A

CD3, CD4, and CD25 (alpha chain of Il-2 receptor)

20
Q

What do activated Treg cells secrete?

A

IL-10 and TGF-B

21
Q

What region of Antibodies does complement bind to?

A

CH-2 (IgG and IgM only)

22
Q

What are the mechanisms that generate Antibody diversity?

A
  1. Random recombination of VJ (light chain) and VDJ (heavy chain)
  2. Random combination of heavy and light chains
  3. Somatic hypermutation (following antigen stimulation)
  4. Addition of nucleotides to DNA during recombination by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
23
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms by which antibodies act?

A

Opsonization (–> phagocytosis), neutralization, and complement activation (–> opsonization, MAC)

24
Q

What are thymus independent antigens?

A

Antigens that lack a peptide component –> cannot be presented by MHC to T cells –> stimulate release of Antibodies and do not result in immunologic memory

25
Q

What INF-a and INF-B do to cells?

A

They place uninfected cells in antiviral state - they induce the production of a ribonuclease that degrades viral mRNA

26
Q

What does INF-g do to cells?

A

Increase MHC-I and MHC-II expression and antigen presentation in all cells

27
Q

How do superantigens (S. pyogenes and S. aureus) work?

A

Cross-link the B-region or the TCR to the MHC-II on APCs –> overactivation and massive release of cytokines

28
Q

How do Endotoxins/LPS (gram negative bacteria) work?

A

Directly stimulate macrophages by binding to endotoxin receptor (CD14)

29
Q

What is anergy?

A

Self reactive T cells become non-reactive without costimulatory molecule. B cells also become anergic, but tolerance is less complete than in T cells

30
Q

When to give passive immunity?

A

after exposure to Tetanus toxin, Botulinum toxin, HBV, or Rabies virus: (To Be Healed Rapidly)

31
Q

Mainly what kind of immune response is induced with live attenuated vaccine?

A

Cellular response

32
Q

Mainly what kind of immune response is induced with inactivated/killed vaccine?

A

Humoral response

33
Q

Test for Type I hypersensitivity?

A

Skin test for specific IgE

34
Q

Test for Type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

Direct and indirect Coombs’

35
Q

Test for Type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

Immunofluorescent staining

36
Q

Test for Type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

Patch test, PPD

37
Q

What causes most serum sickness? And how does it present?

A

Drugs which act as haptens. 5-10 days after antigen exposure: Fever, urticaria, arthralgias, proteinuria, lymphadenopathy.

Week 1 (8 decks)

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