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7th Semester > Community Exam 2 > Flashcards

Community Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Environmental Factors

WHO, 1993

A 
Physical
	Chemical
	Biological
	Social
	Psychosocial
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2
Q

Environmental Exposures

A 
Herbicides
Pesticides
Other chemical carcinogens
Lead
Radiation
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3
Q

Healthy People 2020 Objectives for Environmental Health

A

Eliminate elevated lead blood levels in children.

Minimize risks posed by hazardous sites.

Reduce significant pesticide exposures.

Reduce the amount of toxic pollutants.

Reduce indoor allergen levels.

Decrease lead-based paint or related hazards.

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4
Q

clean water and sanitation

A

nightingale

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5
Q

Henry Street neighborhood

A

Lillian Wald

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6
Q

Testing of human fluids and tissues for presence of potentially toxic chemicals

A

biomonitoring

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7
Q

Sometimes called the study of poisons

Negative effects of chemicals
A

toxicology

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8
Q

Studies the strength of association between exposures and health effects

A

Epidemiology

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9
Q

Epidemiologic triangle

A

Agent
Host
Environment

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10
Q

Relates it to a place on Earth (“mapping”)

A

coding data

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11
Q

GIS (geographic information systems) community-based maps can be used to:

A

Educate communities and local policy makers

Provide graphic depictions of public health (PH) problems

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12
Q

example of GIS

A

Hill and Butterfield’s model of environmental risks

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13
Q

Earth sciences that show how pollutants travel

A

Geologists
Meteorologists
Physicist
Chemists

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14
Q

Key public health (PH) professionals:

A

¬ Food safety specialist
¬ Sanitarians
¬ Radiation specialists
¬ Industrial hygienists

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15
Q

WHO: “____ ____ is a significant and emerging threat to public health, and changes the way we must look at protecting vulnerable populations.”

A

Climate change

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16
Q

nurses main role in climate change

A

mitigation and response

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17
Q

working at individual, community, institutional, and governmental level to ensure energy-conserving policies and practices

A

Mitigation:

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18
Q

Response: public health nurses must be prepared for increased____ and ____ related disasters

A

fire- and storm-

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19
Q

Risks can be categorized as follows:

A

medium
type
setting
functional location

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20
Q

ex of medium

A

air
water
soil
food

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21
Q

ex of type

A

chemical
biological
radiological

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22
Q

ex of setting

A

urban
rural
suburban

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23
Q

ex of functional location

A

home
school
workplace
community

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24
Q

information sources

A

national library of medicine (NLM)

safe cosmetics database

“right to know”

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25
Q

Household Products page

Environmental pages

A

ToxTown

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26
Q

is an American Nurses Association (ANA) environmental health principle that recommends access to all information necessary to make informed decisions to protect our health.

A

“Right to Know”

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27
Q

Use of the “I PREPARE”mnemonic device

A 
Investigate potential exposures
Present work
Residence
Environmental concerns
Past work
Activities
Referrals and resources
Educate
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28
Q

Features that can positively contribute to a community’s health

A

Green space, bike paths, walkable communities

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29
Q

point sources of pollution in the air

A

identifiable (smokestacks)

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30
Q

non-point sources of pollution in the air

A

mobile (cars and trucks)

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31
Q

sources of pollution in the water

A

Waste from industry, pharmaceuticals

Storm runoff, erosion, especially due to loss of 80% of the world’s forests leading to massive erosion

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32
Q

contaminated land designations

A

superfund site

brownfield site

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33
Q

pathogenic causes of food contamination:

A

e. coli
salmonella
pesticides
genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

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34
Q

68-page final decision from EPA about levels of dioxins in area—May 2011

A

mossville

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35
Q

Calcasieu Estuary—

A

Bayou Verdine

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36
Q

Several environmental statutes give the public the ____ __ ___ about the hazardous chemicals in the environment.

A

right to know

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37
Q

Process to determine the probability of a health threat associated with an exposure

A

risk assessment

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38
Q

four phases of the risk assessment

A

Assess toxicology and epidemiologic data.

Has the chemical been released?

How much and by which route of entry of the chemical?

Risk assessment process

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39
Q

: lower-income clients are at increased risk for _____ _____

A

health problems

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40
Q

why are lower-income clients are at increased risk for health problems

A

Live in substandard housing
Live in close proximity to pollution sources
Employed in more dangerous occupations
Have less access to healthy food options

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41
Q

Very ____ and very ___ are more vulnerable

A

young and old

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42
Q

Children’s bodies operate differently than adults, putting them at potentially increased risk for ____ _____.

A

toxic exposure.

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43
Q

reasons children are increased risk for toxic exposure?

A

increased RR
immature BBB
kidneys are less effective

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44
Q

A “______ ______” advised when animal research and other indicators demonstrate a possible toxic relationship between a chemical and health effect

A

“precautionary approach”

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45
Q

______ is a core goal in PHN.

A

Prevention

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46
Q

Every nurse’s role in risk reduction

A 
Shift to e-records to avoid paper
Recycle
Promote minimal packaging and green wrappers
Go fragrance free
Turn off equipment not used
Report dysfunctional plumbing
Promote local sustainable foods (organic)
Start a Green Team
Create community
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47
Q

Three Rs to reduce environmental pollution

A

Reduce
Reuse
Recycle

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48
Q

includes all the principles of good communication in general.

A

Risk communication

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49
Q

Risk communication is a combination of the following:

A

the right information

to the right people

at the right time

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50
Q

Created to coalesce nurses and nursing organizations around relevant issues

A

2008—Alliance of Nurses for Healthy Environments

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51
Q

Certain environmental health risks disproportionately affect poor people and people of color in the United States.

A

1993: Environmental Justice Act was passed
1994: Executive Order 12898, “Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations”

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52
Q

Chemicals that do not decompose

Also referred to as persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

A

Persistent Bioaccumulative toxins (PBTs)

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53
Q

Pollutant created by health care industry

Created by incineration of chlorine

A

Dioxin

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54
Q

ANA was a founding member of this campaign.

A

Health care without harm

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55
Q

υ Goals of Epidemiology

A

υ Monitor the health of the population
υ Understand the determinants of health and disease in communities
υ Investigate and evaluate interventions to prevent disease and maintain health.

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56
Q

υ So WHAT kind of Diseases are we talking about?

A

υ COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

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57
Q

, “father of epidemiology”

A

υ John Snow

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58
Q

How to measure mortality rate

A

υ Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR)

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59
Q

υ A two-dimensional causal web that considers multiple levels of factors that affect health and disease

A

υ Web of Causality

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60
Q

Ð Determining the relationships between the different causes of disease is important to PH practitioners who seek to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease.

A

¥ Establishing causality:

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61
Q

what two ways to establish causality

A

screening and surveillance

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62
Q

screening tests a group of individuals who are

A

υ At risk for a certain condition

υ As yet asymptomatic

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63
Q

screening is not a _____ test.

A

diagnostic

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64
Q

reflects the more complex interrelationships among the numerous factors interacting, sometimes in subtle ways, to increase risk of disease.

A

web of causality

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65
Q

precision

its consistency or repeatability

A

reliability

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66
Q

accuracy

whether it really measures what we think it is measuring and how exact the measurement is

A

validity

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67
Q

validity is measured by?

A

sensitivity and specificity

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68
Q

quantifies how accurately the test identifies those with the condition or trait

A

sensitivity

true positives

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69
Q

indicates how accurately the test identifies those without the condition or trait.

A

specificity

true negatives

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70
Q

descries the distribution of disease, death, and other health outcomes in the population according to PERSON, PLACE, AND TIME providing a picture of how things are or have been–the who, where, and when of disease patterns.

A

descriptive epidemiology

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71
Q

searches for the determinants of the patterns observed–the HOW AND WHY

A

Analytic Epidemiology

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72
Q

person with descriptive?

A 
race
ethnicity
sex
age
education
occupation
income
socioeconomic status
marital status
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73
Q

place with descriptive?

A

does the rate of disease differ from place to place?

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74
Q

time with descriptive?

A

is there an increase or decrease in frequency of the disease over time?

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75
Q

Investigating a link between exposure and disease

Think of the maps you pull up on Google when you are trying to find something.

A

cluster investigations

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76
Q

examples of analytic epidemiology

A

cohort studies
case-control studies
cross-sectional studies
ecologic studies

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77
Q

a group of persons who are born at about the same time

A

cohort

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78
Q

is the standard for observational epidemiological studies, coming closest to the ideal of a natural experiment

A

cohort study

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79
Q

participants are enrolled because they are known to have the outcome of interest (cases) or they are know not to have the outcome of interest (controls)

prone to bias

A

case-control studies

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80
Q

provides a snapshot or a population or a group.

very FAST

A

Cross sectional study

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81
Q

both descriptive and analytic

looks at disease rates by person, place, and time (descriptive)

relationship between disease rates and risk or protective factors (analytic)

A

ecologic (correlational) studies

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82
Q

associations observed at the group level may not hold true for the individuals who make up the groups, or associations that actually exist may be masked in the grouped data

A

ecologic fallacy

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83
Q

uses an intervention

A

experimental studies

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84
Q

ex of experimental studies

A

clinical trials

community trials

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85
Q

in ____ _____ the research issue is generally the efficacy of a medical treatment for disease, such as a new drug or an existing drug used in a new or different way.

A

clinical trials

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86
Q

♣ Health promotion and disease prevention
♣ Large scale trials
♣ Mainly Pharmaceutical (Fluoridation of water), but usually involves:
♣ educational, programmatic, or policy interventions.

A

community trials

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87
Q

Phocomelia from thalidomide was what?

A

prescribed for morning sickness for PG women

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88
Q

Phocomelia means?

A

sealed limbs

NO legs or arms

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89
Q

The relationship between an event (the cause) and a second event (the effect), where the second event is a consequence of the first.

A

causality of disease

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90
Q

υ Establishing Causality

υ Seven criteria establish the existence of a cause and effect relationship:

A
  1. Strength of association
  2. Consistency with other studies
  3. Biological plausibility
  4. Demonstration of correct temporal sequence
  5. Dose-response
    relationship
  6. Specificity of the association
  7. Experimental evidence
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91
Q

Navajo man comes into ER with SOB and tells you his wife died 2 days earlier.

what’s the agent?

A

Hantavirus

92
Q

host for hantavirus?

A

Deer mice (zoonosis)

93
Q

environment for deer mice?

A

new Mexico

94
Q

what type of study was used for hantavirus?

A

case control study

95
Q

10 confirmed cases—3 deaths!

mousses were getting into cabins that weren’t being occupied for long periods of time

people on vacation stayed in these cabins, spreading the disease further

A

yosemite national park

2012

96
Q

υ Involves observation, data collection, consultation, and interpretation
υ Lillian Mood example

A

υ Community-oriented epidemiology

97
Q

υ Example: toxic waste activists

A

υ Popular epidemiology

98
Q

a disease of human or animal origin caused by an infectious agent and resulting from transmission of that agent from an infected person, animal, or inanimate source to a susceptible host

A

communicable disease

99
Q

host

A

reservoir

100
Q

to remove a disease from a larger geographic area such as a country or region of the world

A

elimination

101
Q

irreversible termination of all transmission of infection be exterminating of that infections agent world wide

small pox in 1970!!!

A

eradication

102
Q

in the early 20th century the leading causes of death were?

A

infectious diseases

103
Q

which diseases WERE major killers?

A

TB and diarheal diseases

104
Q

what are concerns now?

A 
HIV
pneumonia
influencza
VRSA and MRSA
SARA
105
Q

transmission of communicable diseases

A

agent
host
evironment

106
Q

agent??

A

bacteria
fungi
parasites
viruses

107
Q

host??

A

human or animal that can harbor ann infectious agent

108
Q

environment??

A

anything external to the human host

109
Q

species-determined innate resistance to an infectious agent

what your body was born with

A

natural immunity

110
Q

resistance acquired by a host as a result of previous infection natural exposure to an infectious agent

vaccinations

A

acquired immunity

111
Q

immunity of a group or community

A

herd immunity

70-80%

112
Q

modes of transportation

A

vertical

horizontal

113
Q

passing of the infection from parent to offspring via sperm, placenta, milk or contact in the vaginal canal at birth

A

vertical

114
Q

person to person spread of infection

A

horizontal

115
Q

horizontal transportation can be through what 4 modes:

A

direct/indirect contact
common vehicle
airborne
vector-borne

116
Q

◦ Infected host to susceptible host

◦ Via food, water, body fluids

A

common vehicle

117
Q

ex of vector-borne transmission

A

arthropods such as ticks and mosquitos

118
Q

entry, development, and multiplication of an agent in a susceptible host

A

infection

119
Q

possible outcomes of infection.

may indicate a physiological dysfunction or pathological reaction

A

disease

120
Q

o : time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms of the disease

♣ Variable from between 2-4 hours for staphylococcal food poisoning to between 10-15 years for AIDS

A

incubation period

121
Q

o : interval during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person

A

communicable period

122
Q

o May range from subclinical infection to severe and fatal disease

o At community level, may occur in endemic, epidemic, or pandemic proportion

A

ϖ Disease spectrum

123
Q

Constant presence of a disease within a geographic area or a population

A

o Endemic:

124
Q

Occurrence of disease in a community or region in excess of normal expectancy

A

o Epidemic:

125
Q

Epidemic that is worldwide and affecting large populations

A

o Pandemic:

126
Q

Surveillance for agents of bioterrorism

A

◦ Syndromic surveillance systems

◦ Early Aberration Reporting System (EARS)

127
Q

National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS) includes the national notifiable diseases such as the louisiana ____ ____.

A

sanitary code

128
Q

ϖ Part of a comprehensive system that serves to limit the introduction and spread of contagious diseases in the U.S.

A

CDC Quarantine Stations

129
Q

Located at 20 points of entry & land border crossings where international travelers arrive

A

ϖ Quarantine Station:

130
Q

Quarantine Stations are staffed with?

A

medical and public health officers from CDC

131
Q

what rights do the staff have at the quarantine stations?

A

◦ They decide whether ill persons can enter the U.S. and what measures should be taken to prevent the spread of contagious diseases.

◦ They have the legal authority to detain anyone who needs to be quarantined, can deny ill persons entry to the U.S., & can have ill persons admitted to a hospital or confined to a home for a certain amount of time.

132
Q

Nathan Wolfe—___ Hunter

A

virus

133
Q

♣ A new infection
♣ People died from non-pulmonary cardiac genetic
• Lungs fill up but has nothing to do with the heart
• Has nothing to do with health

A

o Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

134
Q

♣ Symptoms: bull’s eye rash and arthritis

♣ Where do you live?

♣ Have you been out in the woods/tall grass

♣ What’s your occupation?

A

o Lyme disease

135
Q

♣ Genetic material from swine/pigs, birds & humans

A

swine flu

136
Q

♣ Cervical cancer
♣ Cancer of the penis
♣ Warts & lesions

A

HPV

137
Q

can’t assume someone with cervical/penis cancer has ___

A

HPV

138
Q

ϖ Not contagious until signs and symptoms appear

o If you begin with symptoms, call ER first and let them know

o Do not immediately go to ER without notifying them (do not want to contaminate everyone)

A

ebola hemorrhagic fever

139
Q

with ebola there are __-__ incubation days, but up to ___days

A

8-10; 21

140
Q

sx of ebola

A

o Fever great than 101.5

o Severe headache

o Muscle pain

o Weakness

o Diarrhea and vomiting

o Abdominal pain

141
Q

A person with Ebola is NOT contagious until

A

symptoms appear.

142
Q

treatment for ebola

A

IV fluids
maintaining O2 and BP
treating other infections

143
Q

mortality rate of ebola

A

70%

144
Q

isolation for ebola:

A

standard
contact
droplet
respirators

145
Q

PPE for ebola

A 
face mask
fluid resistant gown 
N-95 nask
double gloves
disposable shoe covers
leg coverings
146
Q

role of nurses

A 
immunizations
surveillance
teaching controls
prevention
screening and treatment
147
Q

There is an Imbalance between ____ _____ and ____

A

human host and environment

148
Q

vaccine preventable diseases:

A

measles
rubella
pertussis
influenza

149
Q

highly contagious,

airborne

A

measles

150
Q

worst condition

concerned with PG women

A

Rubella

german measles

151
Q

whooping cough

A

pertussis

152
Q

H1N1–

A

novel (swine flu) (2009)

153
Q

H5N1

A

avian flu (1997)

154
Q

bacteria in food that is ingested and multiplied in the gut

A

o Food Infection:

155
Q

ex of food infection

A

salmonella
e. coli
listeria
campylobacter

156
Q

toxin produced by bacteria that is in food and is released in gut

A

o Food Intoxication:

157
Q

o Food Intoxication example:

A

staph aureus

botulism

158
Q

CDC sentinel surveillance system targeting 10 sites across the country

A

ϖ Food net

159
Q

◦ Collects information from laboratories on disease caused by enteric pathogens transmitted commonly through food.

A

food net

160
Q

ϖ Much foodborne illness can easily be prevented through simple changes in ???

A

food preparation, handling, and storage

161
Q

ex of waterborne illnesses?

A

o Viruses, bacteria, protozoans cause: Hepatitis A, Cholera, Typhoid, Dysentery

o Shigella, Vibrio, Campylobacter, E. coli can be transmitted via water

o Legionnaire’s disease

162
Q

in mexico waterborne illnesses cause?

A

montezuma’s revenge!!!!

163
Q

ϖ Refers to illness for which the infectious agent is transmitted by a carrier, or vector, which is usually an arthropod (mosquito, tick, fly)

A

vector borne diseases

164
Q

o Usually occurs in the summer in rural and suburban areas of the northeast, mid-Atlantic and north-central states, particularly Wisconsin and Minnesota

o Most common vector borne disease in the US

A

lyme disease

165
Q

lyme disease is transmitted by?

A

ixodid ticks

166
Q

o Most common occurs in the southeast, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri

o Tick vector that is not transmitted from person to person

A

ϖ Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

167
Q

ϖ Prevention and control of tick-borne disease

A

o Prevent exposure to ticks
o Landscape modifications
o Prompt tick discovery and removal
o Remove with steady, gentle traction on tweezers applied to head parts of the tick (twist the tick)
o Permethrin sprays on the body and clothing

168
Q

diseases of tranvelers

A

malaria
foodborne and waterborne diseases
diarrheal diseases

169
Q

ϖ – potentially fatal disease characterized by regular cycles of fever and chills

o Transmission is through bite of infected mosquito

o Fifth leading cause of infectious disease death

o Prevention: protection against mosquitos

A

malaria

170
Q

ϖ can usually be avoided if the traveler eats thoroughly cooked foods prepared with reasonable hygiene

o Eating foods from street vendors may not be a good idea

o Water is many areas of the world is not safe to drink

o Ice should be avoided

o Only drink water that has been boiled

A

Foodborne and waterborne diseases

171
Q

ϖ An infection transmitted from a vertebrate animal to a human under natural conditions
ϖ Do not need humans to maintain their life cycles

A

zoonoses

172
Q

zoonoses are transmitted via

A 
o	Animal bites
o	Inhalation
o	Ingestion
o	Direct contact
o	Arthropods
173
Q

Common Zoonoses in the U.S

A 
o	Toxoplasmosis
o	Cat-scratch disease
o	Brucellosis
o	Listeriosis
o	Salmonella 
o	Rabies 
o	Avian flu
o	Monkey pox
o	Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (mad cow)
o	Anthrax
174
Q

is a Zoonotic virus (member of the corona virus, responsible for the common cold)

A

SARS

175
Q

transmission of Zika virus

A

vector and sexual

176
Q

sx of zika

A

◦ Fever, rash, joint pain, conjunctivitis (most common); other S&S include muscle pain and headache

◦ Very mild illness—most people don’t even realize they have it.

177
Q

prevention of pika

A

◦ Stay inside, wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants, use repellents, use mosquito netting

178
Q

◦ Pinworm most common helminthic infection in United States, usually in schools, institutions or overcrowding

A

Intestinal parasitic infections

179
Q

◦ More frequent or severe in immunocompromised

A

Parasitic opportunistic infections

180
Q

ϖ If you have a needle stick injury in the hospital

A

o Patient does not have to get tested for HIV

o You have to have a consent to test for HIV

o Prophylactic measures for a needle stick injury

181
Q

o : within about 1 month of contracting HIV

A

primary infection

182
Q

when body shows no symptoms

A

incubation period

183
Q

♣ CD4 T-lymphocyte count less than ____/ml with documented HIV infection

A

200

184
Q

ϖ Transmission of HIV

A

blood, semen, transplanted organs, vaginal secretions, breast milk

185
Q

HIV began in?

A

monkeys in 1981

186
Q

largest group of AIDS contractors in??

A

homo men

187
Q

o Accounts for nearly all HIV infection in children

o Can occur during pregnancy, labor and delivery, or breastfeeding

A

perinatal transmission of HIV/AIDS

188
Q

υ Screens blood and other donor products

υ Does not reveal whether individual has symptomatic AIDS, nor does it isolate the virus

A

υ Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA)

189
Q

υ Confirmatory test minimizes false-positive results

A

υ Western blot

190
Q

υ Despite having an HIV-infected mother, many children do not acquire ____

A

HIV/AIDS.

191
Q

adherance to ___ therapy is critical for HIV patients

A

HAART

192
Q

υ Sexually Transmitted Diseases

A 
υ	Gonorrhea
υ      Syphilis
υ	Zika Virus
υ	Chlamydia
υ	Genital herpes
υ	Human papillomavirus infection
193
Q

o Second most common STD

o Bacterium that infects the mucous membranes of the genitourinary tract, rectum, and pharynx

o Transmitted through genital-genital contact, oral genital contact, and anal genital contact

o Treated with antibiotics

A

gonorrhea

194
Q

o Infects moist mucous or cutaneous membranes

o Spread through direct contact, usually by sexual contact or from mother to fetus

A

syphillis

195
Q

syphillis is cured by?

A

penicillin

196
Q

o Newly emerging

o Can be transmitted sexually by men to partners

o In one case, virus was transmitted before the host developed symptoms

o The virus is present in semen longer than blood

A

zika

197
Q

o Most common and reportable STD in the U.S.

o Infects the genitourinary tract and rectum of adults and causes conjunctivitis and pneumonia in neonates

A

chlamydia

198
Q

o Transmitted through direct exposure and infects the genitalia and surrounding skin

NO CURE

A

ϖ Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (Genital Herpes)

199
Q

HAV route

A

fecal-oral

200
Q

sources of HAV

A

water
food
feces
sexual contact

201
Q

high risk groups for HAV

A 
♣	Travel to countires to high incidents
♣	Children living in areas of high incidents
♣	Chronic liver disease
♣	Clotting disorders
♣	Drug usage
♣	Homosexual men
202
Q

HBV is spread ?

A

through blood and bodily fluids

203
Q

HBV remains outside of the body for at least ___ week.

A

1

204
Q

high risk for HBV

A 
♣	People who use injeciton drugs
♣	People with STDS
♣	Multiple sex partners
♣	Blood and body fluids
♣	Immigrants that come for an high epidemic rate coutry
♣	Hemodialysis patients
♣	Inmates of long term correctional institionals
♣	Health care workers
205
Q

HCV is transmitted?

A

blood or bodily fluids enter an uninfected person

206
Q

high risk for HCV

A

♣ Injection drug users who share needs
♣ Infants born to infected mother
♣ Health care workers
♣ Emergecy personal

207
Q

____ ____ ___ from HCV is twelfth leading cuase of death in adults in United States and most common reason for a liver transplant

A

o Chronic liver disease

208
Q

ϖ Transmission usually occurs through exposure to the tubercle bacilli in airborne droplets from persons with pulmonary tuberculosis who talk, cough, or sneeze

A

TB

209
Q

transmission for TB

A

airborne droplets

210
Q

common sx of TB

A 
cough
fever
fatigue
hemoptysis
chest pains
weight loss
211
Q

υ WHO reports 12 million cases in 2012 and 1.3 million deaths due to TB (WHO, 2013)

A

.

212
Q

υ Previously, purified protein derivative (PPD) test
υ Used for initial screening
υ Followed by chest x-ray for persons with positive skin reaction and pulmonary symptoms

A

υ Tuberculin skin test (TST)

213
Q

υ Primary prevention for TB

A

υ Education on how to avoid infection

214
Q

υ Secondary prevention for TB

A

υ Testing and counseling for HIV

υ Posttest counseling

υ Partner notification and contact tracing

215
Q

υ Tertiary prevention

A

DOT therapy

216
Q

ϖ Any natural or man-made incident that causes disruption, destruction, and/or devastation requiring external assistance

A

disaster

217
Q

ϖ The disaster event ____ and ___ predict subsequent injuries and illnesses

A

type and timing

218
Q

ϖ Any event or force of nature that has catastrophic consequences
o Avalanche, earthquake, tsunamis

A

Natural disasters:

219
Q

ϖ Anything that a human has done to cause disaster

o Hi-jacking, terrorism, bombing, war

A

Man-made disasters:

220
Q

ϖ : Involves 100+ individuals

Either dead, dying, injured

A

Mass Casualty

221
Q

ϖ Incident is 2-99 individuals

A

Multiple Casualty

222
Q

Individual immediately affected by disaster event

A

ϖ Direct Victim:

223
Q

Family or friend or first responder of victim

A

ϖ Indirect Victim:

224
Q

Those who have evacuate their home, school, or business because of the disaster

o Evacuated for awhile but go back

A

ϖ Displaced Persons:

225
Q

Group of people who have fled their home/country as a result of famine, drought, natural disaster, war or civil unrest

A

ϖ Refugees:

7th Semester (14 decks)

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