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MD4001 Pathology > Infections of the sensory system > Flashcards

Infections of the sensory system Flashcards

1
Q

what defence mechanisms protect the eye

A 
eyelids
lacrimal system 
conjunctivae
cornea
blood-ocular barrier
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2
Q

what bacteria commonly cause conjunctivitis

A

haemophilus influenza
strep pneumonia
Moraxella spp

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3
Q

what bacteria commonly cause neonatal conjunctivitis

A 
– Neisseria gonorrhoeae
– Escherichia coli
– Staphylococcus aureus
– Haemophilus influenza
– Chlamydia trachomatis
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4
Q

what bacteria commonly cause hca conjunctivitis

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

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5
Q

what are the features of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

hyperaemic red conjunctivae

mucopurulent discharge

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6
Q

how can bacterial conjunctivitis be diagnosed

A

– Conjunctival swabs
– Corneal scrapings
– Culture & NAAT

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7
Q

what is the treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis

A

– Fusidic acid
– Tetracycline
– Chloramphenicol

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8
Q

what type of conjunctivitis does adenovirus cause

A

purulent conjunctivitis

enlargement of ipsilateral periauricular lymph node
corneal involvement
punctate keratitis
subepithelial inflammatory infiltration

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9
Q

where on the face does shingles (varicella zoster) normally infect

A

V1 dermatome

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10
Q

what are the features of V1 dermatome shingles

A

skin lesions on one side of the forehead
anterior uveitis
ocular perforation
retinal involvement

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11
Q

what can be used to treat shingles

A

aciclovir
topical steroids if severe

vaccine for prevention

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12
Q

what are the features of shingles

A 
may be chronic (25%)
very painful (post herpetic neuralgia)
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13
Q

what virus is the most common infectious cause of blindness in the developed world

A

herpes simplex

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14
Q

what are the features of herpes simplex infection of the eye

A 
– Ulcerative blepharitis
– Follicular conjunctivitis
– Regional lymphadenopathy
– Corneal involvement – not unusual
-inflammation in deeper tissue 
-keratitis
-corneal oedema 
-opacity
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15
Q

what is a dendritic ulcer

A

marker of HSV infection

seen on the eye when UV light is shone on

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16
Q

what is onchocerciasis

A

river blindness

onchocerca volvulus
black fly transmission

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17
Q

what regions is onchocerciasis found

A

W Africa, S America, C America

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18
Q

how can river blindness be treated

A

invermectin and doxycycline

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19
Q

what organism causes trachomatis (chronic keratoconjunctivitis)

A

chlamydia trachomatis

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20
Q

what are the features of trachomatis

A

lacrimation
mucopurulent discharge
conjunctival involvement
follicular hypertrophy

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21
Q

how is trachomatis treated

A

azithromycin

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22
Q

what is the plan for eradicating trachomatis by 2020

A

surgery for inturned eyelids

antibiotics

facial cleaning

environmental change

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23
Q

what are the ocular manifestations of AIDS

A

cotton wool spots
infarction of retinal nerve fibre layer
cytomegalovirus infection

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24
Q

how can cytomegalovirus be treated

A

ganciclovir

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25
Q

what causes endopthalmitis

A

ocular operation
trauma
inoculation of foreign body
systemic infection

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26
Q

what is endophalmitis

A

inflammation of the internal coats of the eye

can cause blindness

27
Q

how can endophthalmitis be treated

A

vitrectomy and antibiotics

28
Q

what are the host defences of the respiratory tract

A 
saliva
mucus
cilia
nasal secretions 
antimicrobial peptides
29
Q

what are the common causes of cold

A

rhinoviruses
coronaviruses
coxsackie

30
Q

what are the clinical features of cold

A

tiredness, pyrexia, malaise, sore throat

may have a secondary bacterial infection in minority

31
Q

what causes acute pharyngitis and tonilitis

A

Epstein barr
cytomegalovirus

strep pyogenes

32
Q

what are the features of cytomegalovirus infection

A

usually asymptomatic or mild

may reactivate during compromised immunity

33
Q

how is cytomegalovirus treated

A

ganciclovir

foscarnet

34
Q

where does EBV replicate (glandular fever)

A

B lymphocytes

saliva transmission

35
Q

what age is EBV commonly contracted

A

1-6 yrs

14-20 yes

36
Q

what are the features of EBV

A 
fever 
headache
malaise
sore throat 
anorexia
palatal petechiae (mini haemorrhages in the palate) 
lymphadenopathy 
splenomegaly 
mild hepatitis
37
Q

what is the treatment for glandular fever

A

supportive

avoid sports/ heavy lifting

38
Q

what are the complications of EBV

A

burkitt’s lymphoma
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
guillain barre

39
Q

what causes tonsilitis

A

strep pyogenes

40
Q

what are the features of tonsillitis

A

fever
pain
tonsilar enlargement
tonsilar lymphadenopathy

penicillin treatment

41
Q

What causes scarlet fever

A

caused by erythrogenic toxin from S pyogenes

42
Q

what causes a peritonsillar abscess

A

untreated tonsillitis

43
Q

what are the complications of tonsillitis/ strep pyogenes

A 
scarlet fever
peritonisilar abscess
otitis media 
sinusitis 
rheumatic heart disease
glomerulonephritis
44
Q

what is parotitis

A

caused by mumps virus

45
Q

what are the features of parotitis

A 
fever
malaise
headach 
anorexia 
trismus 
pain and swelling of the parotids
46
Q

what is trismus

A

tightening of the jaw causing an inability to open the mouth

47
Q

how is parotitis treated

A

mouth care
nutritional
analgesia

48
Q

how is parotitis prevented

A

immunisation

MMR

49
Q

what are the complications of parotitis

A

CNS involvement

epididymoorchitis

50
Q

what causes diphtheria

A

corynebacterium diptheriae

51
Q

what are the features of diphtheria

A

usually childhood disease

colonises pharynx, larynx and nose

aerosol transmission

sore throat
fever
lymphadenopathy
oedema of anterior cervical tissue (bull neck)

52
Q

how is diphtheria diagnosed

A

anti toxin therapy
antibiotics
isolation

53
Q

how can diphtheria be treated

A

immunisation

booster doses when travelling

54
Q

what viruses can cause laryngitis and tracheitis

A

parainfluenza
RSV
Influenza
adeno

55
Q

what are the features of laryngitis and tracheitis

A

hoarseness and retrosternal pain

stridor (croup)

56
Q

what are the features of otitis and sinusitis

A

invasion of air spaces associated with URT

Middle ear, outer ear, sinuses

blockage of eustacian tubes
mucosal swelling

57
Q

what causes otitis and sinusitis

A 
RSV
mumps,
strep pneumonia
haemophilis influenza
bacteroids fragilis
58
Q

who is otitis media most common in

A

infants and small children

59
Q

what causes otitis media

A

RSV
s pneumonia
and H influenzae

60
Q

what are the clinical features of otitis media

A

fever
diarrhoea and vomiting
bulging ear drum
glue ear (fluid in middle ear)

> chronic suppurative otitis media

hearing difficulties and delayed learning

61
Q

how is otitis externa treated

A

antibiotic ear drops (polymyxin)

62
Q

what are the features of acute sinusitis

A

facial pain

localised tenderness

63
Q

how is acute sinusitis treated

A

ampicillin, amoxicillin, oral cephalosporins

MD4001 Pathology (23 decks)

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