Carcinoma of the prostate, bladder and kidney

Question 1

What are some diagnostic tools for prostatic cancer?

Answer 1

PSA, DRE, biopsy, MRI

Gleason grading then

Question 2

What is the Gleason grading system?

Answer 2

A way of recogning histoloigcal patterns (5 of them) and adding the numbers of the two most common patterns

Question 3

How will prostatic cancer progress?

Answer 3

Into surrounding fat, seminal vesicles or other pelvic structures.
Can spread to pelvic or aortic lymph nodes
can metastasise to particularly vertebral bodies

Question 4

How are different tumour types managed?

Answer 4

low grade: none
Significant: radical (prostactectomy or radiotherapy0
Advanced: palliative care : ant-androgen treatment (castration or drugs) or radiotherapy

Question 5

What are some facts about bladder carcinoma

Answer 5

mainly occurs in men
smoking aetiology
arises from urothelium (CIS) 9some squamous, some adenocarcinoma)
often multifocal

Question 6

how can bladder carcinoma be treated?

Answer 6

BCG (bacteria injected in, evoking inflammatory response)

if in muscle, cystectomy