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AVS 109 > Animal Growth > Flashcards

Animal Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Why study animal growth?

A 
Disease prevention/therapy 
Tissue regeneration
Prevent wasting conditions
Optimize health and well-being
Optimize performance
Growth rate and efficiency important in ag.
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2
Q

Growth

A

increase in size or mass of structural tissues or organs- does not include excess adipose tissue (fat) deposition

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3
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number

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4
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size due to accretion of cell products

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5
Q

Differentiation

A

the process of acquiring characteristics distinct from a progenitor cell or tissue, such as occurs in progressive diversification of cells and tissues of the embryo

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6
Q

What types of animals have growth plates that don’t stop growing?

A

Castrated animals

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7
Q

What happens during the ovum stage?

A

Fertilized by sperm
Hyperplasia occurs
As cells differentiate morphogenisis occurs
(cells are not increasing in size at this stage therefore it is not hypertrophic growth.

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8
Q

What happens during the Embryonic stage?

A

High rate of cell division, hyperplasia and simultaneous differentiation
While there begins to be some hypertrophy it is still a minor proportion of the growth

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9
Q

What is totipotent?

A

Totipotent stem cells are one of the most important stem cells types because they have the potential to develop into any cell found in the human body.

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10
Q

What is pluripotent?

A

Can’t become everything, but can become a number.

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11
Q

Endoderm refers to

A

internal organs

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12
Q

Mesoderm refers to

A

skeletal muscle

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13
Q

Ectoderm refers to

A

brain, nerves, skin, and hair

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14
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm

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15
Q

What occurs during the Fetal stage?

A

Both hyperplasia and hypertrophy
Dramatic increases in both cell number and size
Represents 80-85% of prenatal time period

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16
Q

What occurs during the post-natal stage?

A

Most muscle growth (nearly all) is hypertrophic growth

Some tissues such as adipose show propensity for both hyperplasia and hypertrophy.

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17
Q

What does neonatal mean?

A

newborn

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18
Q

How many more muscle fibers grow after you’re born?

A

None

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19
Q

There is a change in what as we develop?

A

Proportion

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20
Q

Allometry

A

relationship of growth of a part of an organism to growth of the whole organism

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21
Q

During allometry, what happens?

A

growth at different rates

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22
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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23
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in size of a cell, tissue, organ, or part

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24
Q

Development

A

change in form and/or function of the animal or tissue, which results from changes in the rate of increase or decrease of individual components of the body or tissue.

25
Q

When does Atrophy happen?

A

If you don’t actively use the muscles.

26
Q

What is the opposite of Atrophy?

A

Hypertrophy

27
Q

An increase in strenuous exercise would happen during what?

A

Hypertrophy

28
Q

What is Hypertrophy and Atrophy influenced by?

A

Gender

29
Q

What increases the speed of the growth plates in females?

A

Estrogen

30
Q

What recieves its share of nutrients first when referring to the runt of the litter?

A

Brain and central nervous system

31
Q

T or F? Everything in the body grows at the same time, but at different rates.

A

True

32
Q

The white in bones is what?

A

Cartilage

33
Q

What is in the Epiphyseal Growth Plate?

A

Epiphyseal Cartilage

34
Q

When there is a lack of use within bones, what happens? (females)

A

break down of the bone

35
Q

Hyperplasia exists in what stage of skeletal muscle development?

A

Cell division

36
Q

What is the name for the cells during cell division?

A

Myoblasts

37
Q

What is a myotube?

A

Immature muscle fiber

38
Q

What is myogenesis?

A

muscle fibers form

39
Q

What is adiopogenisis?

A

formation of adipose tissue

40
Q

What is myostatin?

A

Muscle inhibitor (growth factor) that inhibits muscle development

41
Q

What does naturally occuring myostatin mutations cause in animals?

A

Double muscling

42
Q

What happens with double muscling?

A 
Myostatin mutations
More muscle fibers
Larger muscle fibers
Higher percentage white muscle fibers
Less body fat
High incidence of dystocia 
Very little intramuscular fat
Tender meat
43
Q

What is dystocia?

A

calving difficulty

44
Q

DNA accretion in post natal growth

A

nuclei incorporated into pre-existing muscle fibers by satellite cells
increase muscle fiber’s capacity for gene expression and growth

45
Q

Protein accumulation in post natal growth

A

accounts for majority of muscle fiber hypertrophy

accumulation of myofibrillar protein occurs when protein synthesis exceeds protein degradataion

46
Q

What is a satellite cell?

A

adult myoblast

47
Q

What is an adipocyte?

A

a unilocular lipid

48
Q

Lipids account for what percentage of tissue?

A

76-94%

49
Q

Triacglycerols (triglycerides) account for what percentage of lipids?

A

90-99%

50
Q

The diameter of an adipocyte is normally?

A

15-200 um

51
Q

Are adipocyte cells organized in clusters?

A

Yes

52
Q

What happens during the phases of fattening?

A

Hyperplasia is followed by hypertrophy

recruitment of new fat cells (hyperplasia) can occur

53
Q

What is increased during fattening?

A

Adipose tissue and number of fat cells

54
Q

Why is fat in the body accumulated?

A

It is accumulated because of hyperplasia, and because of the increasing size (hypertrophy).

55
Q

Is growth hormone an FDA approved growth regulator?

A

No

56
Q

What is differentiation?

A

acquiring different specialized characteristics

57
Q

Embryonic growth accounts for what percentage of the prenatal period?

A

15-20%

58
Q

What can happen with stem cells?

A

Zygote can become anything

cells become more highly differentiated

AVS 109 (10 decks)

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