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Histology Lab > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Almost always, epithelia and their derivatives are separated from underlying or surrounding connective tissues by a thin, non-cellular layer, the ________.

A

Basement membrane

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2
Q

Epithelial membranes are classified according to the shape of the most superficial cell layer, which may be _______.

A
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
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3
Q

________ are closely spaced, finger-like extensions of the cell membrane that increase the surface area of cells that function in absorption and secretion.

A

Microvilli

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4
Q

Epithelial membranes that line the serous body cavities are referred to as ________.

A

Mesothelia

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5
Q

The basal cell membrane of the cell is affixed to the basal lamina by adhering junctions known as ______.

A

Hemidesmosomes

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6
Q

Glands that deliver their secretions onto the epithelial surface do so via ducts and are known as ______.

A

Exocrine glands

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7
Q

Glands that do not maintain a connection to the outside (ductless) and whose secretions enter the vascular system for delivery are known as ______.

A

Endocrine glands

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8
Q

A type of cell characterized as anucleated and function entirely within the circulatory system by transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.

A

Red blood cells

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9
Q

What are the three formed elements of the blood?

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
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10
Q

Membranes that line serous body cavities are referred to as ______.

A

Mesothelia

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11
Q

The secretory cells of a gland are referred to as its ______ and are separated from surrounding connective tissue and vascular elements by a basement membrane.

A

Parenchyma

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12
Q

The process of blood cell replacement is known as ________.

A

Hemopoiesis

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13
Q

A type of null cell that resembles lymphocytes and are responsible for the formation of all the formed elements of the blood.

A

Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells

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14
Q

Cells that function in phagocytosis of particulate matter are known as ________.

A

Macrophages

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15
Q

_______ is caused by autoantibodies binding to some of the protein components of hemidesmosomes.

A

Bullous pemphigoid

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16
Q

NADPH Oxidase Deficiency affect what type of leukocyte within an afflicted individual?

A

Neutrophils

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17
Q

Which type of leukocyte participates in antiparasitic activities?

A

Eosinophils

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18
Q

Infection mononucleosis is also referred to as the _______.

A

Kissing disease

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19
Q

A type of cell that stains a reddish-orange color and participates in anti-parasitic activities and phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes.

A

Eosinophils

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20
Q

A hereditary disease which is the result of a point mutation in the gene that codes for hemoglobin. These erythrocytes are fragile and do not pass easily through small capillaries.

A

Sickle cell anemia

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21
Q

Connective Tissues, unlike epithelia, are composed mainly of: _______ & _______

A
  • Extracellular matrix

- A limited number of cells

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22
Q

Name the two types of CT that are limited to the embryo.

A
  • Mesenchymal

- Mucous

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23
Q

The lamina densa is composed of what type of collagen?

A

Type IV

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24
Q

What are the cells that are associated with the loose (areolar) connective tissues?

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Macrophages
  • Plasma cells
  • Mast cells
  • Pericytes
  • Fat cells
  • Leukocytes
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25
Q

Name 3 of the major glycosaminoglycans constituents.

A
  • Hyaluronic acid
  • Dermatan sulfate
  • Heparan sulfate
  • Chondroitin-4-sulfate
  • Chondroitin-6 sulfate
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26
Q

The type of fiber characterized as being the most abundant and is composed of a staggered array of the protein tropocollagen.

A

Collagen

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27
Q

A condition characterized by bleeding gums and loose teeth among other symptoms and results from vitamin C deficiency.

A

Scurvy

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28
Q

What is the type of cell that is characterized as a large, multi-nucleated cell derived from monocyte precursors and are responsible for the resorption of the bone.

A

Osteoclasts

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29
Q

What is a type of ossification which is responsible for the formation of long and short bones and relies on the presence of a hyaline cartilage model that is used as a template on and within which bone is made?

A

Endochondral ossification

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30
Q

The process of integrated bone resorption and bone replacement is known as?

A

Coupling

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31
Q

A type of deficiency that results in poorly calcified (soft) bone and causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

A

Vitamin D

32
Q

A disease characterized as a decrease in bone mass arising from lack of bone formation or from increased bone resorption. Occurs commonly in old age and in postmenopausal women.

A

Osteoporosis

33
Q

The periosteum is affixed to bone via _______, collagenous bundles trapped in the calcified bone matrix during ossification.

A

Sharpey’s fibers

34
Q

Osteocytes occupy lenticular-shaped spaces known as _______.

A

Lacunae

35
Q

The muscle cell membrane is referred to as the _______, and the mitochondria are referred to as ________.

A
  • Sarcolemma

- Sarcosomes

36
Q

All three muscles (skeletal, smooth, cardiac) are derived from which germ layer?

A

Mesoderm

37
Q

In the skeletal muscle, thin filaments are composed of _______ whereas thick filaments are composed of ______.

A
  • Actin

- Myosin

38
Q

Cardiac muscle cells form specialized junctions known as _________ as they interdigitate which each other.

A

Intercalated discs

39
Q

For smooth muscle contraction to occur, calcium is released from _____ and binds to ______.

A
  • Caveolae

- Calmodulin

40
Q

Name the autoimmune disease that is characterized as incremental weakening of skeletal muscles.

A

Myasthenia gravis

41
Q

Pompe’s disease is an inherited metabolic glycogen-storage disease where the cells of the patient are unable to degrade glycogen due to an ______ deficiency.

A

Acid maltase

42
Q

Each skeletal muscle is fascicle is surrounded by ______, a loose connective tissue.

A

Perimysium

43
Q

Within smooth muscle, the intermediate filaments ______ and _____ form dense bodies where they cross each other at points of attachments to the cytoplasmic aspect of the sarcolemma.

A
  • Vimentin

- Desmin

44
Q

Name the hereditary condition that is thought to be caused by the loss of neurons of the CNS that produce the neurotransmitter GABA.

A

Huntington’s Chorea

45
Q

The meninges consist of a triple-layered connective tissue sheaths. Name them.

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid
  • Pia mater
46
Q

The axon forms a terminal swelling known as ________, that comes close to but does not contact the muscle cell’s sarcolemma.

A

Axon terminal

47
Q

A ______ is a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS, whereas a similar collection of soma in the CNS is called _______.

A
  • Ganglion

- Nucleus

48
Q

What are the supporting cells in the CNS? (Name 4)

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
49
Q

Parkinson’s disease is related to the loss of neurotransmitter _______ in the brain.

A

Dopamine

50
Q

Name the disease characterized as the reduction of blood supply to the organs and results in hypoxia and subsequent cell death.

A

Ischemia

51
Q

Differentiate between mesothelia and endothelia.

A
  • Mesothelia: lines serous body cavities

- Endothelia: lines blood and lymph vessels and chambers of the heart

52
Q

The actin filaments of the stereocilia are linked to each other by _____.

A

Fimbrin

53
Q

What are the 3 components of the terminal bars?

A
  • Zona occludens
  • Zona adherens
  • Macula adherens
54
Q

Individuals with ______ exhibit blistering in the groin, axilla, areas of flexures, and oral cavity. It is treated by steroid and immunosuppressive therapy.

A

Bullous pemphigoid

55
Q

________ is an autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies binding to some of the components of desmosomes.

A

Bullous pemphigoid

56
Q

List the erythropoietic process

A
  1. Proerythroblast
  2. Basophilic erythroblast
  3. Polychromatic erythroblast
  4. Orthochromatophilic erythroblast
  5. Reticulocytes
  6. Erythrocytes
57
Q

The two multipotential hemopoietic stem cells that arise from PHSCs are: _______ and ______

A

CFU-GEMM & CFU-Ly

58
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A
  • B lymphocytes
  • T lymphocytes
  • Null cells
59
Q

What is the primary difference between serum and plasma?

A

Serum contains no fibrinogen or other components necessary for the clotting reaction

60
Q

_______ is a virus responsible for “kissing disease” or infectious mononucleosis.

A

Epstein-Barr

61
Q

________ cells store fat in the bone marrow.

A

Adventitial reticular cells

62
Q

_______ cells mature and become granulocytes in the bloodstream.

A

Band (stab)

63
Q

The intrinsic pathway uses which three factors?

A

Factor VII, Factor VIII, and von Willebrand factor

64
Q

Marfan’s syndrome is linked to a genetic defect in Chromosome 15 that codes for _______.

A

Fibrillin

65
Q

Overabundance of collagen forms elevated scars called ______.

A

Keloids

66
Q

Differentiate between unilocular and multilocular adipose tissue.

A

Multilocular: Brown, many mitochondria, infants
Unilocular: White, few mitochondria, adults

67
Q

Know the amino acids that make up the tropocollagen subunit of collagen fibers.

A
  • Proline
  • Lysine
  • Hydroxyproline
  • Hydroxylysine
68
Q

Chronic inflammation is linked to which cell of the loose areolar CT?

A

Plasma cells

69
Q

What do plasma cells synthesize and release?

A

Humoral antibodies

70
Q

The two components of the bone remodeling units are ______ and ______.

A
  • Resorption cavity

- Lamellar formation

71
Q

What two transcription factors are responsible for the transformation of osteoblasts to osteocytes?

A
  • Cbfa1/Runx2

- Osterix

72
Q

List the four lamellar systems into which the bony lamellar of compact bone is organized.

A
  • External & internal circumferential lamellae
  • Interstitial lamellae
  • Osteons
73
Q

Basophils secrete ______.

A

Histamine

74
Q

What is the function of a pericyte?

A

Assist in regulation of blood flow through capillaries

75
Q

Differentiate between T and B lymphocytes.

A
  • T cells: cellularly mediated immune response

- B cells: humorally mediated immune response

76
Q

Differentiate between monocyte and macrophage.

A

When monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the connective tissue spaces, they become known as macrophages.

77
Q

Differentiate between basophils and eosinophils.

A
  • Eosinophils: stain a reddish-orange color; participate in antiparasitic activities and phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes
  • Basophils: stain a dark blue color; Precise function is unknown, but the contents of their granules include histamine and heparin.

Histology Lab (18 decks)

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