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Histology Lab > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

The oral cavity is divided into two smaller cavities. Name them.

A

-Vestibule -Oral cavity proper

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2
Q

The permanent dentition is composed of __________.

A

20 succedaneous teeth & 12 accessional teeth

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3
Q

The circulatory system is composed of two separate components. Describe them.

A

-Cardiovascular system: transports blood -Lymphatic vascular system: collects and returns lymph to the blood vascular system

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4
Q

Somatotrope adenoma, which produces an excess of growth hormones can result in _______ in children and acromegaly in adults.

A

Gigantism

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5
Q

Know the hormonal products of the corpus luteum.

A

-Progesterone -Estrogen -Relaxin

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6
Q

________ is a rapid growing of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and has its origins in B cells.

A

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

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7
Q

Describe the productions of the chief, parietal, and mucous neck cells.

A

-Chief cells: Pepsin, rennin, lipase precursors -Parietal cells: Hydrochloric acid, gastric intrinsic factor -Mucous neck cells: Soluble mucus

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8
Q

What is the role of calcitonin?

A

Lowers calcium levels by suppressing osteoclastic activity

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9
Q

The suprarenal glands are derived from two different embryonic origins:

A

-Mesodermal epithelium -Neuroectoderm

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10
Q

The _______ participates in the formation of the heart valves, which controls the direction of blood flow through the heart.

A

Endocardium

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11
Q

Where does most of the digestion occur?

A

Small intestine

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12
Q

What hormone is responsible for maintaining calcium ion balance?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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13
Q

The three pairs of the major salivary glands are _______, ______, and _______.

A

-Parotid -Sublingual -Submandibular

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14
Q

_________ are lacerations of the lower esophagus of the cardiac/fundic region of the stomach as a result of powerful vomiting or sometimes strenuous hiccupping.

A

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome

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15
Q

The _______ is completely permeable to water and somewhat permeable to salts.

A

Descending thin limb of Henle’s Loop

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16
Q

The heart is composed of 3 layers. Describe these layers.

A

-Epicardium: outermost layer -Myocardium: composes most of the wall of the heart -Endocardium: forms the lining of the atria and ventricles

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17
Q

The modified cells in the inner visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule are called ________.

A

Podocytes

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18
Q

Know the development of the ovarian follicles from Graafian to corpus albicans.

A

-Primordial follicle -Growing follicles -Unilaminar primary -Multilaminar primary -Secondary -Graafian (mature)

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19
Q

The _______ is impermeable to water by possesses a Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporter on the surface of its cells.

A

Pars recta

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20
Q

Name the structure which delivers impulses to the cardiac muscle cells of the ventricles to contract and pump the blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk and from the left ventricle into the aorta.

A

Purkinje fibers

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21
Q

Name the congenital disorder where the thymus fails to develop and the patient is unable to produce T lymphocytes.

A

DiGeorge’s Syndrome

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22
Q

_________ occurs because of damage to the cells of the hypothalamus that manufactures ADH.

A

Diabetes Inspidus

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23
Q

_______ is an autoimmune disease and is characterized by decreased production of adrenocortical hormones due to the destruction of the suprarenal cortex.

A

Addison’s Disease

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24
Q

Describe how the three hormones act from their sites of secretion: -Autocrine -Paracrine -Endocrine

A

-Autocrine: act on the cell which releases them -Paracrine: act in the immediate vicinity of their secretion -Endocrine: target cells are at a distance from their site of origin

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25
Q

Be able to describe the three categories of the veins and their functions.

A

-Venules: responsible for the exchange of materials -Medium veins: receive blood from most of the body -Large veins: more than 1 cm in diameter

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26
Q

Know what would be an individual’s disease state if their urine color are brown and black and if the odor are musty and sweet.

A

Brown: breakdown by- products of damaged muscle or breakdown by-products of hemoglobin are in the urine Black: presence of melanin pigment in the urine Musty: phenylketonuria. Sweet: due to diabetes that is not being controlled

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27
Q

The pituitary gland is subdivided into two parts. Name them.

A

-Adenohypophysis -Neurohypophysis

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28
Q

What is the type of enzyme that is present in the saliva and in the pancreatic secretions and hydrolyzes carbohydrates to disaccharide?

A

Amylases

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29
Q

_________ are areas of the stomach, but mostly of the duodenum, that are denuded of the epithelial lining due to the action of the acid chyme.

A

Peptic ulcers

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30
Q

The mucosa of the esophagus is composed of what type of epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

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31
Q

The atria receives blood from 3 places and discharges it into the ventricles. Name the 3 places.

A

-Pulmonary veins -Venae cavae -Coronary sinus

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32
Q

Cementum is composed of _________.

A

-45% to 50% inorganic matrix composed of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals -50% to 55% type I collagen fibers, glycosaminoglycans, and proteoglycans

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33
Q

What process of respiration requires energy and what is it dependent on?

A

-Inspiration -Contraction of the diaphragm & elevation of ribs

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34
Q

Describe functions of the macula densa cells, juxtaglomerular cells, and vasa recta.

A

-Macula densa cells: monitor the osmolarity and volume of the ultrafiltrate -Juxtaglomerular cells: release renin into the bloodstream -Vasa recta: assists in the maintenance of the osmotic concentration gradient of the renal medulla

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35
Q

What are the three categories of T cells?

A

-Naive T cells -Memory T cells -Effector T cells

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36
Q

Know at least one function of the following: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

A

-Oral cavity: Receives food and, via mastication and bolus formation, delivers it into the oral pharynx -Esophagus: Bolus of food traverses its length for delivery from the pharynx into the stomach -Stomach: Functions in acidifying and converting the semisolid bolus into the viscous fluid, chyme -Small intestine: Most digestion and absorption occur -Large intestine: Digestion is completed and water is resorbed

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37
Q

Be able to describe the two components of the immune system.

A

-Innate: nonspecific in that it is not designed to combat a particular antigen -Adaptive: specific and can differentiate between self and nonself

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38
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is the ________ and consists of the _______ and ________.

A

-Uriniferous tubule -Nephron & collecting tubule

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39
Q

What is the disease that is a subcategory of inflammatory bowel disease and usually involves the small intestine?

A

Crohn’s Disease

40
Q

Be able to describe the three types of capillaries.

A

-Continuous: lack fenestrae -Fenestrated: penetrated by relatively large diaphragm-covered pores -Sinusoidal: much larger than their fenestrated or continuous counterparts

41
Q

What the the functions of the atrioventricular valves, semilunar valves, and the sinoatrial nodes?

A

-Atrioventricular valves: prevent regurgitation of blood into atria -Semilunar valves: prevent regurgitation of blood into ventricles -Sinoatrial nodes: generates impulse that results in contraction

42
Q

The enamel is composed of __________.

A

-96% inorganic matrix composed of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals -4% organic matrix consisting mostly of the protein enamelin

43
Q

The mucosa of the conducting portion is composed of:

A

-Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells and an -Connective tissue sheath with seromucous glands

44
Q

What are the 4 types of lingual papillae?

A

-Filiform -Fungiform -Foliate -Circumvallate

45
Q

Loop of Henle is composed of what type of epithelium?

A

Simple squamous

46
Q

Kidney stones are usually formed due to ________.

A

Hyperparathyroidism

47
Q

What are the three structures that participate in the formation of the tonsillar ring?

A

-Palatine tonsils -Lingual tonsils -Pharyngeal tonsils

48
Q

The tongue is a mucosa-invested moveable muscular structure and has two regions. Name them.

A

-Root -Body

49
Q

Children who have rheumatic fever may develop valve defects. These valve defects may be related to ________ & ________.

A

-Incompetency -Stenosis

50
Q

Give and example for each of the following hormones: -Nonsteroid-based hormones -Amino-acid derived hormones -Steroid-based hormones

A

-Nonsteroid-based hormones: Oxytocin -Amino-acid derived hormones: Insulin -Steroid-based hormones: Estrogen

51
Q

The _______ takes oxygen-poor blood to the lungs to become oxygenated and return it to the left side of the heart.

A

Pulmonary circuit

52
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Formation, potentiation, and destruction of T lymphocytes

53
Q

What are the two pharmacological agents that have the ability to alter capillary permeability?

A

-Bradykinin -Histamine

54
Q

The root anchors the tongue into the ________.

A

Hyoid bone

55
Q

Tubular necrosis may result in _______.

A

Acute renal failure

56
Q

A posterior V-shaped groove is called ________.

A

Sulcus terminalis

57
Q

What is the principal cell of the lymphoid tissue and is responsible for the proper functioning of the immune system?

A

Lymphocyte

58
Q

What are the 4 basic layers of the GI system?

A

-Mucosa -Submucosa -Muscularis externa -Adventitia/serosa

59
Q

Describe one function of the following: -Thyroid gland -Parathyroid gland -Adrenal gland (cortex and medulla) -Pineal gland

A

-Thyroid gland: produces Calcitonin -Parathyroid gland: produces PTH -Adrenal gland cortex: produces mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgrens -Adrenal gland medulla: produces epinephrine and norepinephrine -Pineal gland: produces melatonin

60
Q

_______ is a region of the conducting portion and is designed for phonation and to prevent food, liquids, and other foreign objects from gaining access to its lumen.

A

Larynx

61
Q

The cells associated with the dentin are known as __________.

A

Odontoblasts

62
Q

Be able to outline the process of spermatogenesis and know were it occurs.

A

-Occurs along length of seminiferous tubule -Three stages: Spermatocytogenesis Meiosis Spermiogenesis

63
Q

Herring bodies contain two hormones that are stored in the pars nervosa and are only mediated to release by nerve impulses. Name the two hormones.

A

-Oxytocin -Antidiuretic hormone

64
Q

Know the three stages (follicular, luteal, and menstrual) of the endometrium and what happens in each.

A

Follicular: Increased blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogens; at the end of the proliferative phase, estrogen, FSH, and luteinizing hormone (LH) blood levels peak. Luteal: Estrogen levels rise in the blood and progesterone blood levels peak; FSH and LH blood levels are decreased Menstrual: Reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone

65
Q

The spleen is subdivided into ______ & ________. Be able to describe what the 2 sections are composed of.

A

-White pulp: lymphoid tissue -Red pulp: pump cords (of Billroth)

66
Q

Emphysema is a disease that results from __________ with the consequent formation of large cyst-like sacs.

A

Destruction of alveolar walls

67
Q

The mouth of a child has how many teeth?

A

20

68
Q

The cells of the enamel are called ________.

A

Ameloblasts

69
Q

The respiratory system has two portions: ________ and _________.

A

-Conducting -Respiratory

70
Q

What are the two cells that compose the olfactory epithelium? Describe them.

A

-Sustentacular cells: insulate and support the olfactory cells -Basal cells: small, dark cells that lie on the basement membrane

71
Q

The respiratory portion consists of:

A

-Respiratory bronchioles -Alveolar ducts -Alveolar sacs -Alveoli

72
Q

Darkening of the tooth may be due to ________.

A

Hemorrhage of the pulp

73
Q

Name the condition in which the arterioles of the fingers and toes go into sudden spasms which can last minutes to hours and results in cyanosis and loss of sensation.

A

Raynaud’s Disease

74
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

-Filter blood -Phagocytose senescent red blood cells and invading microorganisms -Supply immunocompetent T and B lymphocytes -Manufacture antibodies

75
Q

_________ occurs throughout the body, especially under moist epithelial membrane and the loose CT is infiltrated by lymphoid cells such as lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and reticular cells. They are also referred to as ________.

A

-Diffuse lymphoid tissue -Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

76
Q

What is the small vessel that consists of a single layer of endothelial cells and possess no smooth muscle cells and do not exhibit any vasomotor activities?

A

Capillaries

77
Q

The kidneys posses a concave border known as the _______.

A

Hilum

78
Q

The oxygen-rich blood is propelled via the ________ to the remainder of the body to be returned to the right side of the heart.

A

Systemic circuit

79
Q

The epithelium of the small intestine is composed of what type of cells?

A

-Goblet cells -Surface absorptive cells -DNES cells

80
Q

Hyaline membrane disease is characterized by ________ and is caused by ________.

A

-Labored breathing -Inadequate levels of surfactant

81
Q

Dentin is composed of _________.

A

-65% to 70% inorganic matrix composed of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals -30% to 35% type I collagen fibers

82
Q

The process of expiration is dependent on:

A

Relaxation of muscles responsible for inspiration

83
Q

What are the three types of nephrons?

A

-Juxtamedullary -Cortical -Midcortical

84
Q

_________ is a condition in which the bronchi become partially obstructed by bronchoconstriction and mast cell-induced inflammatory response to allergens.

A

Bronchial asthma

85
Q

Within the RBC cytosol, _________ catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 to H2O and CO2.

A

Carbonic anhydrase

86
Q

What is the disease caused by binding of autoimmune IgG antibodies to TSH receptors thus stimulating increased thyroid hormone production, hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves’ Disease

87
Q

The conducting portion of the respiratory system consists of:

A

-Nasal cavities -Pharynx -Larynx -Trachea -Bronchi

88
Q

Describe the actions of the hormones cholecystokinin, somatostatin, motilin, and gastrin.

A

-Cholecystokinin: Contraction of gallbladder; release of pancreatic enzymes -Somatostatin: Inhibits diffuse neuroendocrine system cells in the vicinity of the release -Motilin: Increases intestinal peristalsis -Gastrin: Stimulates secretion of HCl and gastric enzymes

89
Q

Both the oral cavity and the vestibule are lined by ________.

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

90
Q

_______ is supported by 15 to 20 C-rings horseshoe shaped segments of hyaline cartilage.

A

Trachea

91
Q

Tooth formation is called ________.

A

Odontogenesis

92
Q

What are the three modes of secretions of the exocrine gland? Give an example for each.

A

-Merocrine: Parotid gland -Apocrine: Lactating mammary gland -Holocrine: Sebaceous gland

93
Q

Describe lymph nodes.

A

Ovoid to kidney-shaped organs through which lymph is filtered by exposure to large numbers of lymphoid cells

94
Q

Describe the vestibule area and oral cavity proper.

A

-Vestibule: space bounded by the lips and cheeks anteriorly and laterally, whereas its internal boundary is formed by the dental arches -Oral cavity proper: bounded by the teeth exter- nally, the floor of the mouth inferiorly, and the hard and soft palates superiorly

95
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

-Endometrium -Myometrium -Serosa

96
Q

Herpetic Stomatitis is caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 and is distinguished by _________.

A

Fever blisters

Histology Lab (18 decks)

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