Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Radiation therapy 1 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the leading cause of death in Australia?

A

Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most common cancers?

A

Prostate, colorectal, breast, melanoma and lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Do cells have to divide to become cancerous?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are carcinomas?

A

90 percent of cancers with epilthelial origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mutations occur during what phase?

A

During cell replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Epithelial cells are capable of?

A

Dividing and some continuous, on the frontline requires multiple mutations to turn cancerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does tumour mean?

A

Swelling?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do benign tumours grown in?

A

In a capsule made of storms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a malignant tom our?

A

Potentially fatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the stroma?

A

Connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 types of tissue?

A

Labile- continuously dividing epithelial, haempoietic stem cells

Stable (quiscent) do divide not continuous
Epithelial, smooth muscle

Permanent (non dividing) cardiac and skeletal myocytes, neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is proliferation?

A

Dividing of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

If you stress normal cells they can change what’s this called?

A

Metaplasia reversible process means cells can adapt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Normals cells can adapt to

A

Metaplasia and hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Metaplasia can?

A

Can increase risk of mutation

Common site -cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Pre cancerous change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number more likely for mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mutations can lead to?

A

Dysplasia- abnormal cell how they look and genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is atypia and polymorphism?

A

Atypia- abnormal cells

Polymorphism- all abnormal cells are different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

New growth or tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mutations can cause?

A

Permanent changes in DNA

Germ cells: transmitted to progeny-inherited diseases cancers
Somatic cells:not transmitted cancers congenital malformations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are mutagens?

A

Cause damage directly through increasing oxidant production or reduce anti oxidant defences

Caused by IV alcohol genetics viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Cell suicide programmed cell death can be triggered externally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Goal of cancer treatment?

A

To get cancerous

cells to undergo apoptosis

25
Q

What is carcinogenesis?

A

Imitation of cancer formation

26
Q

What are the four classes of normal regulatory genes targeted by genetic damage?

A
  • Growth promoting proto-oncogenes
  • growth inhibiting tumour suppressing genes
  • genes that regulate apoptosis
  • DNA repair genes
27
Q

Do cancer cells ignore chemical signals?

A

Yes

28
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Growth of new blood vessels
Benign -more organised
Malignant everywhere

29
Q

Cancer cells can

A

Break away base
Membrane
Secrete enzymes
Invade connective tissues

30
Q

What is the Warburg effect?

A

Use glucose to generate energy

Proliferative tissues uses aerobic glycolysis- uses less oxidants produces more byproducts to make cell membranes

31
Q

Mutations disrupt what pathways?

A

Growth signals
Apoptosis
Cell cycle arrest
DNA repair

32
Q

Accumulating genetic hits stages?

A 
Normal cell
-DNA damage-apoptosis
-Genetic instability-daughters cells have mutation
-unregulated cell
Division 
-invasive cancers
33
Q

Characteristics of benign tumours?

A 
Never metastasises
Well differentiated-resemble starting cell
-encapsulated
-homogenous (uniformity of cells)
-cytoplasmic ratio (1:4 or 1:6)
-slow growing
34
Q

Characteristics of malignant cancers?

A

-Can potentially metastasise
-well differentiated or undifferentiated
-heterogenous
-infiltrative growth
-increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio (1:1)
Fast growing- area of
Necrosis, many mitotic cells

35
Q

What is metastasises?

A

Cancer cells moving to another site via three routes:

  • blood
  • lymph
  • direct seeding-she’d cells into pleural cavity
36
Q

Most common sites metastatic growth?

A 
Capillary bed
Lungs
Kidney
Brain
Bone
37
Q

Naming of tumour is after?

A

Origin of cell

38
Q

Types of connective tissue?

A 
Fibrous tissue
Muscle
Cartilage
Bone
Fat 
Endothelium
39
Q

Premix for malignant tumours?

A

Sarc

40
Q

Most rare sarcoma?

A

Osteosarcoma

41
Q

Epithelial cells are named after their?

A

Growth pattern/characteristics

42
Q

Glandular eptithelium?

A

Cells that secrete
Endocrine-into blood
Exocrine-into a duct

43
Q

What is the mesothelial cells?

A

Not epithelial cells produce melanocytes

44
Q

Two example of benign tumours ?

A

Mature ovarian teratoma
Meningioma

Germ cell tumours
In testes all tumours are malignant

45
Q

Testicular tumours?

A

Immature teratoma

Seminoma

46
Q

Types of malignant tumours?

A 
Sarcomas
Carcinomas
Immature teratoma
Seminoma
Melanoma
Leukaemias
Mesothelioma
Gliomas
47
Q

Process of parhogenesis?

A

Normal tissue
Multiple mutations
Malignant or benign- either stops there or continues

Benign
More mutations
Malignant

48
Q

Another pathway of pathogenesis?

A 
Normal tissue
Sustained stress
Metaplasia
Multiple mutations
Dysplasia
Further mutations
Malignant cancer
49
Q

Pathogensis of melanoma?

A

Normal tissue
Multiple mutations
Malignant cancer

50
Q

Pathogenesis for

Mesothelioma?

A

Normal tissue-genetic hits-malignant cancer

51
Q

Pathogenesis of ovarian teratoma and leiomyoma?

A

Normal tissue - multiple mutations - benign tumours

52
Q

Pathogenesis of colon?

A

Normal tissue- multiple mutations - benign tumour- further mutations- malignant cancer

53
Q

Pathogenesis of the lung ad cervix?

A

Normal tissue - sustained stress - metaplasia - multiple mutations - dysplasia - further mutations - malignant cancer

54
Q

Grading of cancer?

A

1-4 estimates how aggressive the cancer is varies for cancer type

55
Q

Staging system?

A

TNM

T1-4 depends on size of tumour

N0-N3- number of lymph nodes

M0-M1- metastasises

56
Q

Affect on host?

A

Location important
Hormones, obstruction,
Cancer cachexia

57
Q

Treatments?

A

Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Hormone therapy

58
Q

Side effects on host?

A

Healthy cells lost-epithelial, immune

Mutations in surrounding cells-mesothelial, lymphoid

Radiation therapy 1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions