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ZA - Science for Medicine > Anatomy: Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Anatomy: Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A
  1. Upright
  2. Face forward
  3. Feet toughing at ankles with toes upright
  4. Arms by sides with palms facing forwards.
  5. Erect penis in males
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2
Q

Why do we use the anatomical position?

A

To provide a reference point for spatial description of the human body

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3
Q

What are the three anatomical planes and what angle to they lie at in reference to each other?

A

Sagittal
Coronal
Transverse

90 Degrees

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4
Q

What is a sagittal plane?

A

Vertical planes passing downwards - median sagittal plane.

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5
Q

What is a coronal plane?

A

Vertical planes going through the side of the body at a right angle to sagittal planes.

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6
Q

What are transverse planes?

A

Also known as horizontal planes as it cuts through the body from front to back.

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7
Q

What are the three body cavities?

A

Cranial, Thoracic and Abdominal.

Diaphragm separates thoracic and abdominal.

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8
Q

What does anterior mean?

A

Nearer to front

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9
Q

What does posterior mean?

A

Nearer to back

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10
Q

What does superior mean?

A

Nearer to head

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11
Q

What does inferior mean?

A

Nearer to feet

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12
Q

What does deep mean?

A

Further from surface

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13
Q

What does superficial mean?

A

Closer to surface or on the surface

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14
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Nearer to medial sagittal plane

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15
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Further from median sagittal plane

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16
Q

Functions of the skeleton?

A

Support, protection, Locomotion, mineral stores, production of blood cells

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17
Q

What are the two parts of the skeleton?

A

Axial and Appendicular

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18
Q

What is in the axial part of the skeleton?

A

Skull, Vertebral column and thoracic cage

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19
Q

What is in the appendicular part of the skeleton?

A

Limbs and limb girdles

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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21
Q

Describe fibrous joint and its movement.

A

Found between bones or cartilage
Joined by fibrous CT
Has little movement

22
Q

What are the two types of fibrous joint?

A

Sutures and Syndesmoses

23
Q

What are sutures?

A

Fibrous joints formed between flat bones eg. skull

24
Q

What are Syndesmoses?

A

Formed between 2 long bones e.g distal end of tibia and fibula

25
Q

What are 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Primary and Secondary

26
Q

Describe Primary joints.

A

Jointed by hyelin cartilage, has no movement and are found on epiphyseal growth plates

27
Q

Describe secondary joints.

A

Connected by fibrocartillage and are found in the mid-sagittal plane and offer limited movement.

28
Q

Describe synovial joints.

A

Allows movement

Has a smooth bone articulation due to think layer of hyeline cartilage which is lubricated by synovial fluid secreted by synovial membrane

The joint is enclosed in a CT capsule

29
Q

Name the 6 types of synovial joints.

A 
Hinge
Condyloid
Ball and Socket
Plane
Pivot
Saddle
30
Q

Movement of hinge?

A

One plane - flexion and extension - example is elbow

31
Q

Movement of Condyloid?

A

2 planes - flexion and extension, abduction and adduction and also circumduction.

Example is wrist

32
Q

Movement of Ball and Socket?

A

3 planes - Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and rotation.

Example is glenohumeral joint - shoulder joint

33
Q

Movement of plane?

A

Allows a gliding movement

Example is carpal bones

34
Q

Movement of pivot?

A

One bone rotating around the other

Example is the distal/proximal radioulnar joints distal to elbow joint.

35
Q

Movement of saddle?

A

Same as condyloid joints yet saddle shaped

36
Q

Do humans show anatomical variation?

A

Yes, however if extreme its classed as an anatomical anomaly

37
Q

What is embryology?

A

Study of developmental changes in utero

38
Q

What is histology?

A

Study of microscopic images of tissues

39
Q

Use of histology?

A

Allows us to understand how parts of the body are put together physically

40
Q

What are the two main types of bone?

A

Spongy and Compact

41
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Dense bone forming the outside of the bone - protects body and provides support

42
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

Porous network found at the ends of long bones - allows space for blood vessles and making blood cells

43
Q

What are the two ways which bone grows?

A

Intramembranous and endochondral ossification

44
Q

How does intramembranous work?

A

Bone cells differentiate directly from embryonic mesenchyme and are organised to form a bone

45
Q

How does endochondral work?

A

The embryonic mesenchyme differentials to form hyelin cartilage model which is replaced by bone.

46
Q

What are the 2 types of bone marrow?

A

Red - Active marrow always making red blood cells

Yellow - Inactive marrow which can convert to red marrow.

Marrow cavity which has yellow marrow also has adipose tissue hence yellow

47
Q

Describe the funtion of lumps in bones.

A

Site at which white tendons are inserted into bone

48
Q

Function of smooth areas?

A

Points of articulation between bones

49
Q

Function of rough areas

A

Site of ligament or tendon insertion

50
Q

Function of grooves?

A

Wear and tear

51
Q

Function of holes?

A

Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass

52
Q

CT scan shows up soft tissue better than an MRI - True or False

A

False - CT used more for bones

ZA - Science for Medicine (19 decks)

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