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Small Animal Medicine > Exam 6: Neuro continued > Flashcards

Exam 6: Neuro continued Flashcards

1
Q

Less-under movements usually equal:

A

1) pain
OR
2) “weakness” - LMN disease

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2
Q

Conscious Proprioception

A

Tests the entire nervous system, including lower motor neuron and upper motor neuron

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3
Q

Animal lifting their head?

A

When an animal moves a painful limb, they often LIFT their head as they swing that limb forward

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4
Q

Remember

A

“DOWN on SOUND”

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5
Q

Less tone in a limb?

A

Indicates a LMN problem

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6
Q

Remember, less =

A

Pain or weakness

-eliminate pain..

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7
Q

If you don’t get good at anything else….

A

Get good at assessing conscious proprioception!

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8
Q

Increased to NORMAL reflexes

A

= Central (UMN) disease!

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9
Q

Increased to NORMAL TONE

A

= Central (UMN) disease!

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10
Q

Remember

A

Evaluate: is the animal painful?

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11
Q

Decreased to absent reflexes

A

LMN disease!

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12
Q

Decreased to absent tone

A

LMN disease!

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13
Q

Evaluate:

A

Does the animal have (conscious) pain sensation?

- Don’t confuse reflex function with conscious pain sensation!

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14
Q

Is the movement…

A

Voluntary? Or involuntary?

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15
Q

Classification of seizures (animals)

A

1) focal
2) generalized
3) limbic, temporal lobe, or behavioral

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16
Q

Causes of seizures

A

1) metabolic
2) structural
3) idiopathic

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17
Q

Clinically important factors

A
  • *Age at onset of first seizure**

* *Interictal neurological deficits**

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18
Q

The animal less than one year of age!

No interictal neurologic deficits!

A

1) METABOLIC
2) Structural
3) Idiopathic

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19
Q

Metabolic causes of seizures

A

1) liver disease/PSS
2) hypoglycemia
3) toxins
4) parasites
5) anemia

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20
Q

The animal less than 1 year of age!

Interictal neurologic deficits!

A

1) STRUCTURAL
2) metabolic
3) idiopathic

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21
Q

Structural brain disease

A

1) brain tumor
2) (acquired) hydrocephalus
3) encephalitis
4) cerebrovascular disease
5) trauma

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22
Q

The animal greater than 5 years of age!

No interictal neurologic deficits!

A

1) METABOLIC
2) structural
3) idiopathic

23
Q

The animal greater than 5 years of age!

With interictal neurologic deficits!

A

1) STRUCTURAL
2) metabolic
3) idiopathic

24
Q

The animal between 1 and 4 years of age!

No interictal neurologic deficits!

A

Idiopathic, metabolic, structural

25
Q

Types of “diagnosis”:

A

1) definitive
- only one
2) presumptive
- some, but one predominates
3) differential
- more than one (many)

26
Q

Suspected differential diagnoses

A

Leads to: diagnostic testing, treatment, prognosis

27
Q

Remember

A

“You are only as good as your differential list!”

28
Q

Common intracranial diseases

A

1) trauma (external)

2) neoplasia
3) encephalitis/meningitis
4) hydrocephalus
5) vascular

29
Q

Common spinal diseases

A

1) trauma
2) neoplasia
3) myelitis/meningitis
4) intervertebral disc disease
5) vascular
6) discospondylitis/osteomyelitis

30
Q

The “big 3” diffuse LMN diseases

A

1) botulism
- CRANIAL NERVE SIGNS
2) Coonhound paralysis (polyradiculoneuritis)
- HYPERESTHETIC (a condition that involves an abnormal increase in sensitivity to stimuli of the sense)
3) tick paralysis

31
Q

Remember

A

When it is obvious, think of something else

32
Q

Remember also

A

Clinical signs suggest location, but not specific disease

33
Q

Localized muscle atrophy

A

… More likely neurogenic?

… Primary myopathic?

34
Q

“Mental status” is often determined by:

A

Behavior

35
Q

Mental status

A

… Normal ==> stupor ==> coma

36
Q

Behavior is often determined by…

A

1) appearance

2) movement

37
Q

Hint

A

There is more often than not, more than one problem!

38
Q

Examine toenail wear

A

1) are the toenails worn down? ==> is he dragging his toes?

39
Q

More =

A

Central nervous system problem

40
Q

Less =

A

Pain or peripheral problem

41
Q

Reflexes

A

There are 3 we can interpret:

1) patellar reflex:
- percuss patellar tendon and look for slight extension of limb

2) withdrawal reflex:
- light pinch on the toe and look for animals to pull foot away, flex joints to pull foot away from stimulus

3) Crossed extensor reflex:
- the crossed extensor reflex is a normal reflex in a standing animal. The reflex causes extension of one limb when the contralateral limb is flexed. In a recumbent animal, this reflex is normally inhibited by descending inhibitory pathways. To elicit the reflex the animal is placed in lateral recumbency, and the flexor reflex is evoked from the upper limb. Extension of the contralateral limb while the patient is in lateral recumbency signals a lesion in the inhibitory pathways or pathologic condition of the UMN.

42
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

the crossed extensor reflex is a normal reflex in a standing animal. The reflex causes extension of one limb when the contralateral limb is flexed. In a recumbent animal, this reflex is normally inhibited by descending inhibitory pathways. To elicit the reflex the animal is placed in lateral recumbency, and the flexor reflex is evoked from the upper limb. Extension of the contralateral limb while the patient is in lateral recumbency signals a lesion in the inhibitory pathways or pathologic condition of the UMN.

43
Q

Excessive muscle tone

A

Extensor posture

44
Q

Decreased tone

A

Indicates a problem with the local reflex arc; LMN problem

45
Q

Remember

A

In a normal animal you should be able to turn their head and touch their thoracic area
-be very careful moving their head through the range of motion if you suspect neck/spine problem

46
Q

Flexed posture?

A

It may be a manifestation of pain

47
Q

If an animal is paralyzed…

A

You MUST determine if they have pain sensation!

  • Pain is the last thing to go in a nervous system area (if pain is gone it is a poor prognosis)
  • but, don’t mistake reflex function with conscious pain sensation
48
Q

Tremor

A

To and fro movement of a body part or body

49
Q

Fly-biting

A

Lots of things can cause it

50
Q

Myoclonis

A

1) episodic depolarization (pathognomonic!) ==> Like a heartbeat
- Pacemaker cells set up in the muscle
- it never goes away during the day or at night
- almost always associated with DISTEMPER

51
Q

Seizures

A

1) Might see salivation, urination, defecation
2) most seizures last less than 90 seconds
3) sometimes vomiting can be associated with seizures
4) we want to know if the patient was conscious, but owner may have difficulty differentiating this
5) grand mal clonic/tonic seizures: patient is NOT conscious during this
6) the first seizure can cause changes in the brain that predispose to the next seizure

52
Q

Management of the seizures

A

Medical management aggressive and sooner

53
Q

Three big causes of seizures

A

1) metabolic
2) structural
3) idiopathic

54
Q

Peripheral nerve problem

A

Decreased tone, decreased or absent reflex, short and choppy movements

Small Animal Medicine (31 decks)

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