Lecture 15

Question 1

Birds will combine the same mechanism for producing

blue coloring with multilayer interference to produce …?

Answer 1

UV plumage coloration

Question 2

What to feathers contain that reflect mixtures of light wavelengths?

Answer 2

Matrix of large particles of air spaces, molecules of fat, protein.

Question 3

Animals can cover specific areas of color and

______ them quickly when needed

Answer 3

flash

Question 4

What kinds of animals can change body color?

Answer 4

Amphibians, some reptiles, many fish,
cephalopods, and some insects can
change body color

Question 5

What is rapid color change a result of?

Answer 5

result of rapid
dispersion of pigment granules in the dermal chromatophores
 Usually involves the pigment melanin
and leads to darkening or lightening of the animal

Question 6

___________ are large flat cells with

many dendritic processes extending outward from the center

Answer 6

Melanophores

Question 7

Melanin concentrated in the ________ of the melanophore appears light.

Answer 7

center

Question 8

In vertebrates, melanophores are innervated by what?

Answer 8

the autonomic nervous system

Question 9

What is melanophore movement controlled by?

Answer 9

hormones
secreted from the pituitary and linked
to eyes or other light sensitive organs

Question 10

What’s the function of melanophores?

Answer 10

Function of color change is to match

body color to background

Question 11

What is an example of temporal modulation of color?

Answer 11

Hermaphroditic belted sandfish.

Alternate btw male and female during courtship process.

Question 12

What about belted sandfish tell you they are female?

Answer 12

Initially both fish appear bloated with

eggs and have dark tail banding associated with female behavior

Question 13

Following vigorous courtship, the more submissive animal begins to display male typical
behavior and _______ coloration

Answer 13

banded

Question 14

Immediately prior to what does the male demonstrate colored banding?

Answer 14

prior to gamete release

Question 15

This color changing patter appears to be controlled by the thalamus and areas in the _______ _______

Answer 15

optic nerve

The thalamus receives input from the retina and optic tectum

Question 16

What types of animals have the most intricate forms of temporal color?

Answer 16

cephalopods (squid and octopus)

Question 17

What are chromatophores like in cephalopods?

Answer 17

Chromatophores in these species are small multicellular organs consisting of a
central compartment connected to radial muscle fibers and motor neurons The central compartment contains brown, red, or yellow pigment

Question 18

When radial muscles are __________, the surface is stretched and the color becomes visible

Answer 18

contracted

Question 19

The movement of these organ is _________

Answer 19

voluntary

Question 20

By combining the expansion of its different colored ____________ the animal can
assume a variety of colors in rapid succession

Answer 20

chromatophores

Question 21

What is the use of modulation of color?

Answer 21

Matching to background Aggressive interactions

Question 22

What does the chemical reaction in biolumenescence require?

Answer 22

Luciferin 
 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Question 23

Energy from ATP pushes luciferin into an _________ state

Answer 23

excited

Question 24

In fireflies, the photon that creates the light is what?

Answer 24

Green and have a wavelength of 562 nm.

Question 25

Light emission are _______ to produce

Answer 25

costly

Question 26

Glowworms flash to _________ predators

Answer 26

distract

Question 27

How to surface dwelling fish use biolumenescence?

Answer 27

as camouflage against deeper dwelling predators.

Question 28

Firefly males can search for mates for how long?

Answer 28

A week or more, which is a significant portion of their life span.

Question 29

Males elicit species-specific flash

patterns and are attracted…?

Answer 29

to females

that indicate the appropriate pattern

Question 30

Male _______ approach and are captured and eaten as prey by the cannibalistic _________

Answer 30

Photuris, photinus

Question 31

 However, Photinus are only successful at

capturing about ____ of duped males

Answer 31

10%

Question 32

Photinus fireflies contain ______ _______ called Lucibufagans

Answer 32

protective chemicals

Question 33

__________ are noxious and distasteful to predators like spiders.

Answer 33

Lucibufugans

Question 34

Cannibalism is conferring an added survival

advantage to the female _________ firefly

Answer 34

photuris