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Animal Communication > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Are dogs color blind?

A

Dogs have the ability to detect
color in a limited scope
compared to humans. They can see more than black/white.

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2
Q

What study did Kasparson do with dogs?

A

Researchers trained dogs to associate dark yellow paper with food reward
The dogs were tested with either a dark blue box or a light yellow box

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3
Q

Dogs reliably selected the color matched box in ______ of test trials

A

70%

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4
Q

Visual systems have evolved to detect light. How?

A

Light sensitive organs have developed at least three separate
times in convergent evolution (for ‘camera’ eyes) This process triggers an electrical response in the receptor neuron

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5
Q

Vision provides a means of detecting objects in an animal’s

surroundings. What are these?

A

Luminance (intensity differences; brightness) – Reflectance (spectral composition; color)

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6
Q

Vertebrate visual systems contain two types of receptors:

A

Rods: low light conditions
Cones: light sensitive photoreceptors to perceive color.

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7
Q

Properties of color?

A 
Brightness (intensity) 
■ Hue
■ Chroma (degree of saturation
or purity of the dominant
frequency)
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8
Q

■ Cone cells in the retina contain a pigment called ______

A

opsin

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9
Q

Opsin

A

group of light-sensitive proteins found in photoreceptor cells of the retina

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10
Q

Opsin absorbs light energy which…?

A

activates retinal neurons and results

in action potentials in the optic nerve

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11
Q

Two different wavelengths of light

can produce the same ______ ____ _______ in a cone cell

A

pattern of activation

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12
Q

Outputs of ____ _____ are combined
and compared in the visual
nervous system

A

cone cells

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13
Q

Tetrachromatic color vision

A

based on four types of cone cells – Birds, lizards, turtles, and many fish

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14
Q

Trichromatic color vision

A

based on three types of cone cells – Old world primates, humans

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15
Q

Dichromatic color vision

A

– based on two types of cone cells – Most other mammals (dogs, cats, etc.)

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16
Q

Progenitors of mammals lost ____ of the four types of cones during a
period in evolutionary history when they were primarily _______.

A

two, nocturnal

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17
Q

Human color vision depends on interactions of three types of cones:

A

red, green, blue

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18
Q

Most other mammals are ________

A

dichromats

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19
Q

Dichromacy occurs in humans when one of the cone pigments is missing. What are the types?

A

Protanopia: no red receptor
Deutanopia: no green receptor
Tritanopia: no blue receptor

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20
Q

Several groups of
animals (birds,
reptiles, fish) have
_______ distinct types of cones

A

four

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21
Q

Bees are technically __________

A

trichromatic

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22
Q

Appears to be a trade in
sensitivity between _____ and
________ wavelengths

A

red, ultraviolet

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23
Q

Bees lack sensitivity to what?

A

red end of the electromagnetic spectrum

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24
Q

What are the properties of light used in animal communication?

A

Spatial characteristics

Temporal characteristics

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25
Q

What are spatial characteristics?

A

Variations in shape, size, surface features and color pattern.

26
Q

What are temporal characteristics?

A

changes in pattern of color, surface, color change and apparent size/shape over time.

27
Q

_______ ________ is very common for increasing visibility.

A

Brightness contrast

28
Q

Forests have 4 major light habitats…?

A

Forest Shade: Yellow-green
– Woodland Shade: Blue-gray
– Small Gaps: Reddish
– Large Gaps: “White

29
Q

Due to natural differences in these light spectra an animal my appear…?

A

very different in each light environment

30
Q

What are some factors influencing the evolution of signals?

A

Properties of the physical environment where the signal is
generated
– Perceptual systems of individuals (potential mates, predators,
prey) receiving the signal
– The nature of the information signaled

31
Q

What are the characteristics of warblers?

A 
8 species, all small and green
No color patches 
 – Two wing-bars 
 Two wing-bars plus a crown-stripe  
– All of the above plus white outer tail feathers
32
Q

The distribution of patches across species is nested…?

A

Species with more complex patterns contain all patches of

simpler patterns

33
Q

Species can be ranked from _____ to _______

A

duller, brighter

34
Q

The ability to perceive visual signals is linked to what?

A

ambient light in the environment ( should have a direct impact on the evolution of coloring and
behavior signals)

35
Q

Warblers that breed in the dark, dense habitats have what?

A

have a

greater number of color patches than those that breed in lighter, open habitats

36
Q

Strong negative correlation between…?

A

between wing-bars (brightness) and light

levels in the natural habitat

37
Q

Habitats of warblers?

A

Bright species have the most stripes; may serve as camouflage to predators
– If color patterns are used for intraspecies communication and the
visibility of these patterns depends on the background, then species in dark habitats should have the brightest coloring

38
Q

Variation in display is associated with location of color patches. What are some of those locations?

A

Species with crown-strips bow their heads in display – Species with rump patches turn and flash their rumps

39
Q

Display movements enhance visibility of the patches. What is an example?

A

Temporary effect due to specific movements

40
Q

Since different species use different display patterns for intraspecies, how is communication linked?

A

the effects may be linked primarily to the differing

displays

41
Q

What should provide evidence of the effect of

coloring

A

Altering the level of conspicuousness during display by eliminating or
enlarging color patches should provide evidence of the effect of
coloring

42
Q

Males of the species inornatus were manipulated in 1 of 3 ways?

A

Control group: …
– Reduced: wing-bars were
painted with green paint – Enlarged: wing-bars were
painted with yellow paint

43
Q

Signals were manipulated while males were establishing territories
and ______ to females arriving at the breeding grounds

A

prior

44
Q

Males from the control group had ___________ sized territories

A

intermerdiate

45
Q

Males in the reduced group had the __________ territories

A

smallest

46
Q

Territory shifts were immediate with the ______ ________ male
taking over portions of the less conspicuous males

A

more conspicuous

47
Q

Songs aren’t used in territorial displays suggesting what?

A

conspicuousness is a primary form of communication between individuals
Increased territory size was correlated with increased levels of conspicuousness

48
Q

Some minimal level of ___________ is necessary to maintain a

territory and reproduce

A

conspicuousness

49
Q

What is sensory drive?

A

Conspicuousness is context-dependent thus the properties of the environment will bias the direction in which signaling characters
evolve

50
Q

Color patterns, habitat choice, and courtship/display patterns
appear

A

evolve together

51
Q

Properties of the environment can lead to what?

A

species divergence

whether or not perceptual systems vary

52
Q

Properties of the environment appear to influence what?

A

the evolution of

conspicuous coloring

53
Q

Coloring can vary across what?

A

body structures to take

advantage of the different levels of illumination

54
Q

What is reverse countershading?

A

A form of conspicuous coloring that serves

to increase visibility of the animal that is illuminated from above

55
Q

What is countershading?

A

protective coloration of some animals in which parts normally in shadow are light and those exposed to the sky are dark.

56
Q

If ambient light is strongly colored, animals can use…?

A

Contrasting color patches – Color patch that matches the ambient light peak and surround it
with colors that reflect poorly

57
Q

Define disruptive coloration?

A

uses patterning to
interfere with the perception of the true outline of the animal – …
– Disrupt a receiver’s eye from the animal’s outline
(like zebras)

58
Q

Define movement contrast?

A

terrestrial and shallow water environments present a moving background – Wind, wave action

59
Q

Animals attempting to stand out against this type of background use
_______, ________ accelerating movement

A

jerky, rapidly

60
Q

_________ and striped color patterns often work together in creating
crypticity or conspicuousness

A

Movement

61
Q

Stripes ___________ to the direction of motion conceal motion.

A

parallel

Animal Communication (23 decks)

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