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Geology Cont... > Geo Unit 3 Cont... > Flashcards

Geo Unit 3 Cont... Flashcards

1
Q

What two forces are found in plate tectonics at plate boundaries?

A

Stress and Strain

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2
Q

What is the difference between stress and strain?

A

Stress is force applied to a rock; Strain is deformation/change in the shape of stressed rocks.

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3
Q

How fast can unforeseen earthquakes occur?

A

7,000 mph, no warning

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4
Q

How many earthquakes per year?

A

1,000,000 per year unfelt

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5
Q

How many 6-7 level earthquakes per year?

A
  1. Level 8 once a year “great quake.”
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6
Q

Name the order and ages of the first 4 eras:

A

Precambrian (4.6bya), Paleozoic (545mya), Meszoic (245mya), Cenozoic (65mya).

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7
Q

What was the age of invertabrates?

A

Paleozoic

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8
Q

What was the age of reptiles?

A

Mesozoic

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9
Q

What was the age of mammals? What killed them?

A

Cenozoic. Giant Asteroid

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10
Q

What do the very oldest rocks contain?

A

Rubidium-Strontium

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11
Q

What is the half life of Rubidium-Strontium? What are moon rocks dated at?

A

1/2 life of 47by. Moon rocks 4.53 by.

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12
Q

What is the half life of K-Ar dating?

A

1.3by 1/2 life

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13
Q

How far back is tree ring dating?

A

26,000yrs

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14
Q

Where are varves found?

A

Lake sediments

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15
Q

What is radiocarbon dating?

A

A carbon decay of C-14 from Nitrogen atom (unstable). Half life of 5730yr

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16
Q

What is fission track dating?

A

Uranium damage to mineral structure.

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17
Q

Which rock type is best for accurately dating rocks?

A

Igneous

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18
Q

Name the unconformities:

A

Angular Unconformity, Nonconformity, and Disconformity

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19
Q

Name 4 ways of rock dating:

A

Fission Track Dating; Radiocarbon Dating; K-Ar Dating; Rubidium-Strontium

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20
Q

Who discovered unranium?

A

Henry Becquerel, 1896

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21
Q

What did Marie Currie discover?

A

Radium

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22
Q

How do radioactive isotopes decay?

A

Spontaneously

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23
Q

What is Alpha decay?

A

2 protons and 2 neutrons emitted from nucleus

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24
Q

What is Beta decay?

A

An electron emitted from a neutron in nucleus. Neutron is changed to proton. Atomic number increases by 1.

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25
Q

What composes a Step-wise decay?

A

A Radon occurrence (colorless, odorless, gas, dense) 3.8 day half life.

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26
Q

Name the 3 radon source rocks:

A

Black shales, some granites, light volcanoes (rhyolites)

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27
Q

What are half lives for?

A

Measuring the decay rate from parent to stable daughter element. 1/2 of remaining parent lost at each step.

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28
Q

What are unconformities?

A

Gaps in the rock record… Erosion or times without deposition

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29
Q

What can be used for relative dates?

A

Index (guide) Fossils

30
Q

What are the six principles of relative dating?

A 
Principle of superposition
Principle of original horizontality
Lateral continuity
Cross-cutting relationships
Principle of inclusions
Principle of fossil succession
31
Q

Are rocks older at the top or bottom of depositions?

A

Bottom

32
Q

What is a xenolith?

A

“Foreign rock”

33
Q

What is relative time?

A

Getting the layers in order

34
Q

What is geologic time?

A

A timeless present to deep time

35
Q

What was the name of the man in Ireland 1654 that believed to discover nightfall preceding in the creation of Earth? When was this date?

A

Bishop Ussher… October 23, 4004 BC

36
Q

What happened in Buffon, France 1750?

A

Discovery that molten iron cooling was 75,000 yrs ago

37
Q

How long is the rate of sedimentation?

A

1 mil - 1 bil yrs

38
Q

What did Lord Kelvin (1860’s) believe?

A

Heat loss of cooling Earth 20 - 100mya

39
Q

What are 2 common metamorphic rocks?

A

Foiliated and Non-Foiliated

40
Q

Which rock is the most metamorphosed?

A

Gneiss

41
Q

Which rock is the least metamorphosed?

A

Slate

42
Q

What is a migmatite?

A

Metamorphic rock partially mixed/melted with granites.

43
Q

What is a mylonite?

A

Smeary, ductile rock crushed/deformed at depth.

44
Q

What is quartzite’s parent rock?

A

Quartz Sandstone

45
Q

Limestone (calcite) is the parent rock of what?

A

Marble

46
Q

Name non-foiliated rocks:

A

Marble, Quartz SS, …

47
Q

What does the Torino Scale describe?

A

Asteroid threats

48
Q

Name the types of metamorphism:

A

Contact meta, Regional meta, Hydrothermal meta, Shock meta

49
Q

Which metamorphism has black smokers? Where are they found?

A

Hydrothermal meta. Found on sea floors near spreading ridges. (800*F)

50
Q

What is the shape of the shock metamorphism meteor impact in Russia?

A

Tunguska Butterfly

51
Q

What are fusion crusts on meteorite fragments called?

A

Spherulites; tektites

52
Q

What are aureoles?

A

Metamorphic halos

53
Q

What are skarns?

A

Ore deposits of granite and limestone

54
Q

He big was the shock metamorphic impact in Russia 1927?

A

150ft object, 800 square miles affected, 20 miles blowdown area

55
Q

Which impact was concentrated with Iridium?

A

Yucatan impact

56
Q

How strong was the Yucatan impact?

A

Energy of 10 million Hiroshima bombs

57
Q

What caused massive extinctions in the Yucatan impact?

A

Massive tsunamis of the interior seaways, aroused dust and ash, massive forest fires due to fireballs.

58
Q

What did dust cause from the impact?

A

Darkness; Deep freeze on plants and food chain.

59
Q

What did carbon from limestone cause?

A

Massive greenhouse effects

60
Q

How many documented recent near miss hits were there?

A

300

61
Q

What is shock metamorphism?

A

Tremendous temperature and pressure at meteor impact sites

62
Q

What is hydrothermal metamorphism?

A

Alteration of rocks by hot water

63
Q

What is regional metamorphism?

A

Vast areas. Burial metamorphism when over 6mi deep.

64
Q

What heat is met between converging plates?

A

Dynamothermal

65
Q

What breaks off of parent rock?

A

Protoliths

66
Q

What are the two types of pressure?

A

Litho static pressure and Directed pressure

67
Q

What types of rock is metamorphism between?

A

Igneous (melting) and Sediment conditions

68
Q

What are the misc. sediment rocks?

A

Inorganic carbonate, dolostone, chert, and coal.

69
Q

What is the effect of heat?

A

Speeds up chemical reactions

70
Q

What is the effect of pressure?

A

1 bar of atmospheric pressure at the surface (sea level)

Geology Cont... (3 decks)

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