Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geology Cont... > Geo Unit 4 > Flashcards

Geo Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the four fault classifications:

A

active, potentially active, inactive, and extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the transmission of energies?

A

seismic waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the point at the surface above the focus?

A

epicenter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the point in the crust where movement originates?

A

Hypocenter/ focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are P waves?

A

primary waves (compression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

P waves: How fast? What movement?

A

4mi/sec; jolts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are S waves?

A

Secondary waves (shear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

S waves: How fast? What movement?

A

2mi/sec; up and down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are surface waves?

A

moves outward from the epicenter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Surface waves: How fast? What movement?

A

1.5mi/sec; rolling zig-zag motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the written wave recording?

A

Seismogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the instrument that senses and records seismic waves?

A

Seismographs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the three earthquake magnitude scales:

A

Mercalli, Richter, and Moment-Magnitue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which scale is measured by subjective descriptions?

A

Mercalli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which scale is measured by the energy release?

A

Richter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which scale is measured by seismic moment?

A

Moment-Magnitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is the Moment-Magnitude scale calculated?

A

Length X depth X amount of slip X strength of rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is liquefaction?

A

water saturated sediment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is one location that is a good example of liquefaction?

A

Port Royal, Jamaica: Disappearing Act (1692)
OR
Imperial Hotel, Tokyo (1915)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the instantaneous displacement of the seafloor?

A

tsunami

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Tsunami speed _________ with shallow inland depth

A

Decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What percent chance is there of a mega-quake in the next 50yrs?

A

40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What causes dilatency?

A

stress and bedrock expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the result of dilatency?

A

microquakes and foreshocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Slopes are ________ systems.

A

Dynamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When does movement occur on slopes?

A

When driving forces overcome resisting forces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What aids gravity on slopes?

A

Oversteepness, water content, lack of vegetation, and human disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are planes of weakness?

A

joints, fractures, faults; prominent bedding; foiliation/ schistosity; cracks from ice wedging, roots, etc.

29
Q

Q: Planes should be perpendicular or parallel to slopes for mass movement?

A

A: parallel

30
Q

What is creep?

A

Loose material moving slowly downslope

31
Q

What is solifluction?

A

Creep in very cold climates; permafrost, upper layer of soil thaws, liquefies when waterlogged, and flows any direction

32
Q

What is rockfall?

A

failure of steep or vertical slope

33
Q

What are slides?

A

Single, intact mass of material

34
Q

What type of slide fails along a slip plane = layer of weakness?

A

block slide

35
Q

What are slumps?

A

concave slip plane… chair shape result

36
Q

What are flows?

A

Movement like viscous fluid

37
Q

Name three types of flows:

A

earthflows, mudflows, and lahars

38
Q

Describe earthflows:

A

relatively dry, thick, slow

39
Q

Describe mudflows:

A

fine-grained, H20 rich, slurry, rapid movement, follow cloudbursts, major storms

40
Q

Describe lahars:

A

catastrophic mudflows, water from ice or storm events

41
Q

What are debris flows?

A

Move as a coherent mass. Water-saturated, very fast

42
Q

Where are three evidences of earlier failure seen?

A

air photos, satellite imagery, topographic maps

43
Q

How can you prevent mass movements by nonstructural methods?

A

Adding vegetation or chemical binding agents.

44
Q

How can you prevent mass movements by structural methods?

A

Reducing slope angle, unloading (decreasing) slope weight, terracing (benching), slope supports, and draining water away.

45
Q

What’s the ratio in the cost-benefit analysis of slope support?

A

$1 spent will save $10 - $2000

46
Q

What are the characteristics of flash floods in arid climates?

A

Little vegetation, steep slopes, and “distant” local storms.

47
Q

How much groundwater/day do humans require?

A

1 gallon/day

48
Q

How many gallons of water is used in North America per day?

A

400 million

49
Q

Groundwater _________ use exceeds recharge by infiltration.

A

“Overdraft”

50
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

A body of rock or regolith that is water saturated, porous, and permeable.

51
Q

What is another name for the zone of aeration? What is it?

A

Vadose zone. Pores with both water and air.

52
Q

What is another name for the zone of saturation? What is it?

A

Phreatic zone. Water fills all porosity.

53
Q

What does well pumping form in aquifer depletion?

A

Cone of depression

54
Q

Where is a place with lots of aquifer depletion?

A

San Joaquin Valley

55
Q

Land subsidence can result from what?

A

Groundwater overdraft

56
Q

What is a rupture?

A

An elastic rebound for energy release.

57
Q

What are the three types of stress?

A

Tensional stress, compressional stress, and shear stress.

58
Q

Which boundary is tensional stress?

A

Divergent boundaries

59
Q

Which boundary is compressional stress?

A

Convergent boundaries

60
Q

Which boundary is shear stress?

A

Transform boundaries

61
Q

What is the result of tensional stress?

A

Weak rocks and quakes shallow and small

62
Q

What is the result of compressional stress?

A

Rocks stronger and quakes deeper

63
Q

What is the result of shear stress?

A

Brittle vs plastic deformation; rupture and rebound

64
Q

Where is a zone of compressional stress found?

A

Benioff-Watadi Zone

65
Q

Where are locations of intraplate earthquakes?

A

New Madrid, Missouri and Charleston, South Carolina.

66
Q

Are intraplate earthquakes generally shallow or deep?

A

Shallow

67
Q

What kind of rocks are needed for good energy transmission?

A

Cold, brittle rocks

68
Q

How many miles were shaken in the 1811-12 Madrid fault line earthquake?

A

2 million sq. mi.

69
Q

What are the three discontinuities in rocks?

A

Fractures, joints, faults

Geology Cont... (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions