L1 ans L2 Features

Question 1

babbling

Answer 1

~6 months
open consonant and vowel reduplication
“babababa”

Question 2

Comprehension before production

Answer 2

Fis phenomenon

Child knows what a “fish” is but can’t say it = “fis”

Question 3

substitution

Answer 3

/s/ often swapped for /f/

“sank” = “fank”

Question 4

final consonant deletion

Answer 4

“Boo” = “book”

Open syllable form familiar to children from the babbling stage.

Question 5

weak syllable deletion

Answer 5

short 2 syllable words in english usually start with strong syllables “DAddy”

so weak syllables like “BAnana” get omitted

Question 6

consonant cluster simplification

Answer 6

1. deletion = “poon” = “spoon”
2. vowel insertion = “terain” = train”
3. altered element = “aks” = “ask”

Question 7

Front to back swap

Answer 7

Some children substitute front sounds like /t/ for back sounds like /k/:

e.g. tat = cat
doose = goose

Question 8

first language transfer

Answer 8

a feature of the learners L1 appears in their L2 production causing errors

Question 9

Learner strategies

Answer 9

strategies used by the learner 
questioning 
metacognition 
relying on L1 knowledge (interlingual strategy)
feedback
flexible

Question 10

Approximation

Answer 10

The learner does not know a specialist word and substitutes a general term

Example: animal instead of rabbit

Question 11

Word creation

Answer 11

The learner either translates literally an expression in the L1

Example: savage flowers (from the French fleurs sauvages, wild flowers)

or combines L2 words in an unusual way

Example: picture palace for art gallery.

Question 12

Paraphrase

Answer 12

Example: “Does the room have … a place for books?” (bookshelf)

Question 13

Omission

Answer 13

Example: “Bank?” (“Where is the bank?”)

Question 14

Code switching

Answer 14

Whole chunks of the L1 are inserted in the L2 utterance.