Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PoD topics > Gram Positive Bacteria > Flashcards

Gram Positive Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Single celled prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do most bacteria reproduce?

A

through binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do gram positive bacteria have which makes up a large portion of their cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do gram negative bacteria have which makes up a large portion of their cell wall?

A

Lipopolysaccharides (lipid A is what makes the bacteria very toxic and causes the harmful disease) and outer membrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What method can be used to distinguish between types of bacteria which are causing the infection?

A

Gram stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are gram positive cocci which are present in clusters called?

A

Staphylococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are gram positive cocci which are present in chains called?

A

Streptococci (enteroccci)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What test is used to check for staphylococci?

A

Coagulase test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does it mean when coagulase test is positive for staphylococci?

A

If positive, then staphylococcus aureus is present which can be MSSA or MRSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is staphylococci carried?

A

Carried in nose, axilla perineum (groin area), hairline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What disease are associated with staphylococci?

A

Wide range of diseases from: boils, soft tissue infections, septicaemia, cellulitis, skin abscesses, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning (dangerous and non-dangerous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is staphylococcus aureus penicillin resistant?

A

It contains Beta- lactamase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is MRSA causing problems for infection control? (3)

A
  • They are methicillin resistant (staphylococci aureus)
  • can mutate quickly
  • resistant to penicillin (common antibiotics)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What strain is associated with coagulase +ve test for staphylococcus?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What 3 strains are associated with streptococci?

A
  • alpha haemolysis (partial)
  • beta haemolysis (complete)
  • non- haemolytic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What colour does blood agar turn in alpha (partial) haemolysis?

A

turns green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What colour does blood agar turn in beta (complete) haemolysis?

A

turns clear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What effect does the non-haemolytic strain have on blood agar? (group D streptococci)

A

No effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What two strains does alpha-haemolytic streptococci include?

A
  • streptococcus pneumoniae

- viridans streptococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does viridans streptococci cause?

A

endocarditis (infection and inflammation of the lining of the heart, especially the heart valves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do streptococcus pyogenes cause? (Group A, Beta haemolytic)

A

-throat infections (sore throat)
-skin infections (e.g. cellulitis or necrotising fasciitis)
-scarlet fever
- acute rheumatic fever
-acute glomerulonephritis
Treated with penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does Streptococcus Agalactiae cause? (Group B, Beta haemolytic)

A
  • neonatal sepsis including meningitis and bacteraemia (usually spread from mother to baby through amniotic fluid)
  • most people develop natural immunity to it because of constant exposure
23
Q

What is another name for bacteria in Group A strep for Beta haemolytic bacteria?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

24
Q

What is another name for bacteria in Group B strep for Beta haemolytic bacteria?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

25
Q

Where is Group D enterococcus faecalis found? (non-haemolytic)

A

Found in the gut as a normal commensal

26
Q

What does Group D enterococcus faecalis cause?

non-haemolytic

A
  • Gut commensal.
  • Can cause UTI.
  • VRE an increasing problem in some hospitals (vancomycin resistant enterococci)
27
Q

What does Clostridium Difficile cause?

A
  • pseudomembranous colitis (inflammation of the colon)
  • DIARRHOEA (because of toxin production)
  • nausea
  • abdominal cramps
  • pyrexia (high temp)
  • anorexia (loss of appetite)
28
Q

What increases a person’s chances of getting clostridium difficile?

A

Taking large amounts of antibiotics

29
Q

Where does clostridium perfringens cause ?

A
  • present in soil and normal commensal (flora) in normal human and animal gut/ faeces
  • toxigenic strains cause food poisoning
  • Main cause of “gas gangrene”
  • Serious infection treated with penicillin and/or metrondiazole.
30
Q

What does clostridium perfringens contaminate/infect?

A
  • food (enterotoxin producing strains lead to food poisoning)
  • serious wounds which causes gas gangrene
31
Q

What do toxins from clostridium tetani cause?

A
  • Cause of tetanus due to toxin acting on CNS.

- Toxoid used for immunisation.

32
Q

Why is tetanus caused? (linked to NMJ)

A

Loss of inhibition at neuromuscular junction which causes uncontrollable muscle spasms

33
Q

What are the 4 main anaerobic bacilli? (clostridiums)

A
  1. clostridium difficile
  2. clostridium tetani
  3. clostridium perfringens
  4. clostridium botulinum
34
Q

What are the 2 aerobic small bacilli groups? And what do each cause?

A
  1. corynebacterium (diphtheria)

2. listeria monocytogenes (meningitis)

35
Q

What are the 2 aerobic large bacilli groups? And what do they cause?

A
  • bacillus cereus (food poisoning)

- bacillus anthracis (anthrax)

36
Q

What does Staphylococcus aureus cause?

A
  • Normal flora in nose and skin.
  • Major pathogen in skin, endocarditis, cellulitis, abscesses, osteomyelitis, toxin mediated food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. Affect skin and soft tissue
37
Q

What are the main symptoms of streptococcus pyogenes? (strep throat)

A
  • red and swollen tonsils
  • throat pain (pain swallowing)
  • swollen/tender lymph nodes in the neck
  • fever, rash, vomiting
38
Q

What are the main symptoms of streptococcus pneumoniae?

A
  • fever (pyrexia) and headache
  • cough
  • shortness of breath
  • chest pain
  • stiff neck
  • disorientation and confusion
  • chills
  • ear pain
39
Q

what are the main symptoms of clostridium difficile? (affects bowel; colitis)

A
  • watery diarrhoea (10-15 times a day)
  • abdominal cramps and pain
  • tachycardia (fast heart rate)
  • fever
  • blood and pus in stool
  • dehydration
  • anorexia (loss of appetite)
40
Q

What are the 3 main staphylococci?

A
  1. staphylococcus aureus
  2. staphylococcus epidermis
  3. staphylococcus saprophyticus
41
Q

What does a positive coagulase test indicate?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

42
Q

What two bacteria are associated with negative coagulase test?

A
  1. staphylococcus epidermis

2. staphylococcus saprophyticus

43
Q

What does Staphylococcus epidermis cause?

A

Found everywhere on skin. May cause infection of catheters, prostheses and ventriculo-peritoneal shunts.

44
Q

What does Staphylococcus saprophyticus cause?

A

Cause of UTI in women of child bearing age.

45
Q

What does streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

A
  • Normal flora in upper resp. tract.

- Commonest cause of bacterial lobar pneumonia. Major cause of meningitis in children and elderly. Vaccine available

46
Q

What does viridians streptococcus cause?

A
  • Normal resident in mouth.

- Common cause of endocarditis, following dental treatment

47
Q

What is the spore forming, aerobic bacillus bacteria?

A

Bacillus Species

48
Q

What two groups are aerobic, spore-forming, bacillus species split into and what do they cause?

A
  1. bacillus cereus (food poisoning)

2. bacillus anthracis (anthrax)

49
Q

What are the 2 aerobic, non-spore forming bacilli?

A
  1. listeria monocytogenes

2. corynebacterium diphtheriae

50
Q

What does listeria monocytogenes cause? (aerobic non-spore forming bacilli)

A
  • Found in animal and vegetable products (may be ingested).

- Cause menegitis in neonates and the elderly and bacteraemia in pregnancy

51
Q

What does corynebacterium diphtheriae cause?

A

Causes diphtheria and skin commensals

52
Q

What are the 4 anaerobic spore forming bacilli?

“Please don’t take brainscape”

A
  1. clostridium difficile
  2. clostridium perfringens
  3. clostridium tetani
  4. clostridium botulinum
53
Q

What does clostridium botulinum cause?

A
  • Cause of botulism following ingestion of contaiminated food.
  • Produces most potent neurotoxin. Rare in UK.

PoD topics (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions