(21) Vaccines

Question 1

(Vaccination vs. Immunization)

1. what is deliberately giving the antigen so as to eleict an immune response?
2. What is providing the body with specific defeneses agaisnt an antigen?

Answer 1

1. vaccination
2. immunization

Question 2

(Passive Immunization)

1. defined as what?
2. Short or long lived? (memory?)
3. can they induce hypersensitivy reaction?
4. can they transfer other infectious agents?
5. Does passive immunization = vacciation?

Answer 2

1. protection of one individual via transfer of Ab (or B cells or T cells) from another individual
2. short-lived (no memory)
3. yes
4. yes
5. no

Question 3

(Passive Immunization)

1. what is it when passed from mother fetus/neonate through placenta or colostrum?
2. What when Abs from one individual are given to another?

Answer 3

1. natural passive immunity
2. artficial passive immunity

Question 4

1. Active immunization = ?
2. administration of Ag to elicict what?
3. uses what to generate protection
4. duration of protection? memory cells formed?
5. is boosting possible?

Answer 4

1. vaccination
2. adaptive immune response
3. individual’s immune system
4. prolonged; yes
5. yes

Question 5

1. What is the main difference between Live and Kiiled vaccine? what is the advantage?

(LIVE VACCINES)

2. memory cell production? how long immunity?

(KILLED vaccines)

3. do they replicate? what are you giving? good T cell production?

Answer 5

1. live vaccine will actually replicate; longer exposure to antigens
2. very good yes; long-term immunity
3. no; a whole bunch of antigens; not really

Question 6

(Live Vaccines)

1. Attenuation is achieved by growing the organism in vitro until what happens?
2. What can be used to directly remove or mutate virulence genes such that virulence is directly attenuated?

Answer 6

1. it loses virulence
2. rDNA

Question 7

1. Essentially a vax should be what?

Answer 7

1. harmless, but seen as an enemy by the immune system

Question 8

(Types of Vaccines)

(Whole organisms)

1. can be what or what?
2. attenuated what?

(subunit of component vaccines)

3. aka what?

(DNA vaccines)

Answer 8

1. killed or inactivated
2. attenuated live strain
3. toxoids

Question 9

(Killed/inactivated vaccines)

(Disadvantages)

1. mostly induce what only? since they can’t get into cytoplasm, tough to induce what?
2. Because the organism doesn’t multiply, these vaccines require large amount of what?
3. protection in shorter of longer term?
4. induction of memory B cells?
5. boosters?
6. usually include what to boost immune reponse?
7. very little what put onto mucosal surfaces?

(Advantages)

1. storage?
2. can it cause disease or illness in immunosuppressed?

Answer 9

1. antibodies only; CTL responses
2. antigen
3. shorter
4. poor
5. required
6. adjuvant
7. IgA

(Advantages)

1. more stable storage
2. unlikely

Question 10

(Killed/Inactivated Vaccines)

1. Inactivation or killing the organism can be done several ways, but what must be maintained?
2. Is heat treating useful?
3. chemical inactivation - is it common? common chemiicals used? but what must be done?
4. Can inactivated be live organisms? What are they unable to do? do these often give better immunization?

Answer 10

1. antigenic integrity
2. no (denatures proteinss)
3. yes; formaldehyde of B-propriolactone; must be removed to avoid toxicity
4. yes; replicate; yes

Question 11

(Live Vaccines)

1. most induce what kinds of repsonss? viral vaccines also tend to induce what?
2. Live vaccines usually contain what kind of organism?
3. it will cause what, but not what?

Answer 11

1. Th1 and Th2; strong CTL responses
2. attenuated
3. infection, not disease

Question 12

(Subunit or Component Vaccines)

1. these vaccines contain only what from an infectious agent rather than the what?
2. What is the huge disadvantage of this?

Answer 12

1. infectious agent; whole organism

(Component or conjugate vaccines include those in which an antigen is complexed with a carrier protein to increase immunogenecity)

2. only stimulating immunity against a single protein which may not give full protection (must carefully choose antigen to target)

Question 13

(Toxoid Vaccine)

1. what is it basically?
2. why is it called toxoid then?
3. Can be made by what or what to denautre it?
4. so what is it then?

Answer 13

1. a subunit vaccine
2. because just the toxin is being targeted (which is released by pathogen)
3. chemical inactivators (formalin) or heat
4. an inactivated toxin

(just read this)

Question 14

(DNA vaccines)

1. Plasmids carry the what?
2. Injection in muscle cells results in what? examples?
3. How many proteins are you getting immunity against? What other one is this like?

Answer 14

1. genetic information for the antigen
2. temporary production of the encoded protein; MHC class 1 presentation; cell-mediated immunity
3. one; subunit

Question 15

(Needleless Injection Systems)

1-4. What are the four positives?

5. The negative?

Answer 15

1. no risk of disease transfer between animals
2. better dispersement of antigen
3. no “sharps” waste
4. no risk of needle breakage in carcass
5. more expensive

Question 16

(Marker Vaccines)

1. These are used to do what?
2. Thus called what?
3. Very useful in what?

4-5. These vaccines typically elicit identical immunity as a live vaccine, but have… what two options?

Answer 16

1. Differentiate infected from vaccinated animals
2. DIVAs
3. eraication purposes
4. an additional protein not found in pathogen
5. are missing a protein not essential to pathogen growth but is recognized by immune system

Question 17

(Differential Vaccines for eradication)

(related to marker vaccines it would seem)

just read this slide

Question 18

take a gander at this

Question 19

and this

Question 20

1. What are substances that enhance the immunogenicity of an antigen?
2. Most proteins are poorly what by themselves? why?

3-5. What are three ways they work?

6-7. general way of saying what they do better?

Answer 20

1. adjuvants
2. immunogenic; degraded quickly - poor induction of B and T cells
3. convert soluble proteins into particulate matter
4. stimulate cytokine production by APC
5. depot effect to maintain Ag half life
6. longer exposure
7. stronger reaction

read 1 and 3 in graph - but don’t memorize

Question 21

1. some adjuvants are looking at cytokines, experimenting with agonists for what? What does this accomplish?

Answer 21

1. the toll like receptor; makes APC better at presenting antigen

read this

Question 22

(Route of Exposure)

1. Much work has gone into maximizing protection while minimizing ease of application. Thus vaccines can be given

just read that slide

Answer 22

(and this one)

Question 23

(vaccination failure)

1. what does it mean that a vaccination fails?
2. intereference with what?
3. improper application of what?
4. physiologic state of recipiecent
5. host genetics
6. pathogen strain what?
7. extremely what patholgen strain encountered?
8. insufficient time for what to occur?

Answer 23

1. poor Ab titer of no protection
2. maternal antibodies
3. the vaccine
4. antigenic variation
5. virulent
6. immune response

(read this)

Question 24

GANDER

Question 25

(Timinig is evertyihg!)

1. Why must you wait until the maternal antibodies are gone?
2. vaccinations in face of an outbreak may be what?
3. boosters must not occur to what?

Answer 25

1. gotta let the kid mount its own response
2. too late
3. quickly

Question 26

this slide basically shows that the higher titers a pup has at time of vaccination (from mother) the lower response you will get from the vaccine