What is diabetes? Flashcards
What is diabetes mellitus?
a group of metabolic diseases characterised by hyperglycaemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both
What antibodies are usually present in IDDM?
anti-GAD/anti-islet cell antibodies
What is the presentation of IDDM
pre-schoool and per-puberty (with a small peak in late 30s); usually lean, acute onset; severe symptoms; severe weight loss; ketonuria +/- metabolic acidosis
What is the clinical presentation of NIDDM?
middle-aged/elderly; obese; pre-diagnosis duration of about 6-10 years; insidious onset over weeks to years; ketnuria minimal or absent
What are the risk factors for NIDDM?
central obesity; FHx; gestational diabetes; age; ethnicity (asian, african, afro-caribbean); PHx of MI/stroke; medications eg antipsychotics
What are the symptoms of diabetes mellitus?
thirst; polyuria; thrush; weakness; fatigue; blurred vision; infections; weight loss; neuropathy, retinopathy
What are useful tests to discriminate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
anti-GAD and anti-islet cell antibodies; ketones; C-peptide
What categories of disease can cause secondary diabetes?
pancreatic disease; endocrine disease; drug-induced; abnormalities of insulin and its receptor
What are the symptoms of monogenic diabetes?
strong FHx; associated features- renal cysts; young onset; GAD-negative; C-peptide positivie
What does HbA1c show?
provides a measure of glucose control over the past 2-3months
What are the complications of diabetes?
heart disease and stroke; retinopathy; nephropathyl neuropathy
What is BMI target for diabetic patinets?
25
What is the HbA1c target?
75 mmol
What is the BP target?
140/80
What is the total cholesterol target?
below 5
