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MD2001 > Primary Tissues > Flashcards

Primary Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 basic types of body tissue?

A

+ Epithelia
+ Connective tissues
+ Muscle
+ Neural tissue

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2
Q

What do epithelial tissues function in?

A 
\+ Secretion
\+ Absorption
\+ Transport
\+ Barrier/protection
\+ Barrier/selective
\+ Strength/support
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3
Q

Describe the features of epithelial cells

A

+ Cover surfaces
- varied shape and arrangement (flat to columnar; single or multilayered)

+ Show surface modifications or adaptions

+ Bound to each other by specialised junctions and adhesion molecules
- not only found in epithelial tissues

+ Sit on the basement membrane, a specialised layer of extracellular matrix material

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4
Q

What shape/formation can epithelial cells take?

A

+ Simple squamous
+ Cuboidal
+ Columnar
+ Stratified types

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5
Q

What are some surface modifications of epithelial cells?

A

+ Microvilli
+ Absorption/sensing
+ Cilia
+ Movement/lateral transport

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6
Q

What type of junctions might be expressed between cells?

A

+ Tight junctions
+ Desmosomes
+ Gap junctions
+ Adherens junctions

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7
Q

What is the role of tight junctions?

A

Sealing

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8
Q

What is the role of desmosomes?

A

To strengthen cell links

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9
Q

What is the role of gap junctions?

A

To connect cytosols of adjacent cells for very small molecules

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10
Q

What is the function of adherens junctions?

A

To form spots of connection linking movement proteins (actin)

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11
Q

What are features of the basement membrane?

A

+ Contains proteins that link to the surface of the epithelial cells

+ Contains filamentous proteins that provide strength

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12
Q

What is the role of nervous tissue?

A

Collects, processes/integrates and sends information (cells are adapted for local and distant cellular communication)

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13
Q

What are the two main systems associated with the nervous system?

A

+ CNS (central nervous system)

+ PNS ( peripheral nervous system)

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14
Q

What is the defining characteristic of neurons?

A

The cell process

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15
Q

What are neurons?

A

Neurons are separate cells that communicate by releasing chemicals by secretion at the ends of cell processes, therefore a neuron is essentially an elongated secretory cell

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16
Q

What forms the apex of a neuron?

A

An axon

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17
Q

What forms the base of a neuron?

A

Dendrites

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18
Q

What do axons do?

A

Direct stimulus away from the cell

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19
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Direct stimulus towards the cell

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20
Q

Where does secretion occur in a neuron?

A

+ At the end of axons

+ Into specialised intercellular gaps called synapses

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21
Q

What occurs at the axon end bulb?

A

It is the site of chemical neurotransmitter release

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22
Q

What are the features of the myelin “fatty” sheath?

A

+ Enhances conduction

+ Discontinuous with periodic gaps

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23
Q

What is the myelinating cell found in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells - one builds one internode

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24
Q

What is the myelinating cell found in the central nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocyte - build a number of internodes

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25
Q

How many times more numerous are glial cells of the CNS than neurons?

A

10 times

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26
Q

What types of glial cells reside in the CNS?

A

+ Oligodenrocytes (myelination)
+ Astrocytes
+ Microglia
+ Ependyma (lining cells of the CNS cavities)

27
Q

What types of glial cells reside in the PNS?

A

+ Schwann cells (myelination)

+ Satellite cells (support cells in ganglia)

28
Q

What is the role of astrocytes?

A

They provide metabolic and mechanical support (in CNS scar tissue also)

+ Nervous system repair: Upon injury to nerve cells within CNS, astrocytes fill up the space to form a glial scar, repairing the area by transformation into neurons and replacing the CNS cells that cannot regenerate

29
Q

What is the function of microglial cells?

A

+ First and main form of active immune defence (macrophages) in the CNS

30
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

+ Skeletal
+ Cardiac
+ Smooth

31
Q

What are the features of skeletal muscle?

A

+ Striated, coordinated contraction under direct voluntary reflexes (can be involuntary)

32
Q

What are the features of cardiac muscle?

A

+ Striated, coordinated contraction

+ Involuntary control of the blood pump

+ Ionice/structural linkages via specialised junctions - intercalated discs

33
Q

What are the features of smooth muscle?

A

+ Non-striated, produces coordinated contraction

+ Involuntary

+ Cells are spindle shaped but cell borders rarely seen clearly

+ No striking ordered arrays of myosin and actin

+ E.g responsible for peristalsis in the gut

34
Q

What are the 4 types of connective tissues?

A

+ Fibrocollagenous tissues
+ Cartilage, bone and teeth
+ Adipose tissue (white fat)
+ Blood

35
Q

What is a major feature of connective tissues?

A

+ Mix of different cells

+ Extracellular matrix (ECM)

36
Q

What does the ECM contain?

A

+ Fibrous proteins
+ Structural carbohydrates and proteins
+ Mineral deposits

37
Q

What are the different types of fibrocollagenous tissues?

A

+ Loose
+ Dense
+ Reticular

38
Q

Where can loose connective tissue be found?

A

+Around epithelia and organs

+ Type I collagen, cells ++)

39
Q

Where can dense connective tissue be found?

A

+Tendons
+ Ligaments
+ Type I collagen, cells +/-

40
Q

Where can reticular tissue be found?

A

+ Liver
+ Lymph nodes
+ Type III collagen

41
Q

What cells form fibrocollagenous tissue?

A 
\+ Fibroblasts
\+ Macrophages
\+ Mast cells
\+ Plasma cells
\+ Stem cells
\+ Blood cells and adipocytes
42
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

+ To synthesise fibrous proteins such as collagens, elastins
+ To synthesise extracellular matrix components - proteoglycans

43
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

+ To phagocytise foreign bodies/organisms

+ Present antigens to stimulate immune cells

44
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A

To synthesise histamine and other mediators of inflammation

45
Q

What is the role of plasma cells?

A

To synthesise antibodies (mature B cells)

46
Q

What is the role of cartilage?

A

To bring flexibility, smooth joint movement and strength

47
Q

What types of cartilage are there?

A

+ Elastic
+ Hyaline
+ Fibrocartilage

48
Q

What are the properties of elastic cartilage, and where can it be found?

A

+ Flexible (elastin++)

+ Found in the inner ear

49
Q

What are the properties of hyaline cartilage, and where can it be found?

A

+ Impact resistant
+ Durable
+ Low friction
+ Found at join surfaces and the trachea

50
Q

What are the properties of fibrocartilage, and where can it be found?

A

+ Strong (collagen I ++)

+ Found in the intervertebral discs and at knee joint menisci

51
Q

What cells are found in hyaline cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

52
Q

What does the ECM of cartilage consist of?

A

+ Proteoglycans
+ Collagen (mainly type II)
+ High water content (60-80% by weight)
+ No blood vessels; an avascular tissue

53
Q

What is the function of bone?

A

+ Skeletal support
+ Protection
+ Miner (calcium) store
+ Blood formation

54
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

+ Trabecular

+ Compact

55
Q

What are the cells involved in maintaining bone?

A

Osteocytes (embedded in the bone structure)

56
Q

What does the ECM of bone consist of?

A

+ Framework of collagen fibres mineralised with calcium salts
+ Proteoglycans
+ Blood vessels; vascular tissue

57
Q

How is compact bone arranged?

A

Cylindrically in Haversian systems

58
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Large macrophage-like cells that digest bone

59
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Cells that lay down the framework in bone formation - become trapped as osteocytes

60
Q

What types of adipose tissue are there and what is the function of each?

A

+ White fat

  • energy storage
  • insulation
  • protection

+ Brown fat
- heat production

61
Q

White fat produces adipokines, what do these do?

A

Send signals to regulate nutritional balance and other systems

62
Q

What is an example of an adipokine?

A

Leptin

63
Q

What does leptin do?

A

It signals to the brain that the body has had enough to eat

64
Q

How does brown fat make heat?

A

By uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

MD2001 (52 decks)

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