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Infection Prevention > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Can microorganisms be seen without aid of a microscope?

A

No

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2
Q

How big are microorganisms?

A

Smaller than 0.1mm

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3
Q

What are microorganisms?

A

Simple, unicellular organisms

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4
Q

What are some other names for microorganisms?

A

Bugs, germs, microbes

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5
Q

What are the 4 groups of microorganisms in order from largest to smallest?

A

1) Protozoa
2) Fungi
3) Bacteria
4) Viruses

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6
Q

What are protozoa?

A

Unicellular animals that move with flagella or ameboid motion, they each have a nucleus and plasma membrane.

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7
Q

Where do protozoa live and what do they feed on?

A

Live in soil and water

Feed on bacteria and small particles

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8
Q

What is an example of a protozoa?

A

Giardia - causes “bever fever” which leads to diarrhea

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9
Q

What is fungi?

A

Non-photosynthetic plants

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10
Q

What make up a fungi cell?

A

Nucleus and rigid wall.

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11
Q

How are fungi divided?

A

Yeast and mold

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12
Q

What is yeast?

A

Type of fungi that is unicellular

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13
Q

What is mold?

A

Type of fungi that is multicellular that starts out as a tube structure that produces spores that appear grey blue, green or black.

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14
Q

What is an example of a fungi?

A

Candida - causes oral yeast infections, yeast vaginitis, skin infections, yeast diarrhea following antibiotic therapy.

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15
Q

What is bacteria?

A

unicellular organisms lacking an organized nucleus surrounded by a rigid wall.

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16
Q

What type of microorganism is “ubiquitous” and what does this mean?

A

Bacteria

Found everywhere there is moisture and nutrients.

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17
Q

What is an example of bacteria?

A

Streptococcus - causes strep throat
Staphylococcus - causes staph infection (boils)
Salmonella - food poisoning

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18
Q

What are viruses?

A

The smallest microorganism, they rely on a living host such as an animal, plant or bacteria to replicate.

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19
Q

What does a virus cell consist of?

A

DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes a lipid coat.

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20
Q

What is an example of a virus?

A

Influenza, hepatitis, rabies, AIDS

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21
Q

How are microorganisms measured?

A

Micrometer = 1/1000 mm

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22
Q

What are round bacteria?

A

Cocci (coccus)

23
Q

What are rectangular bacteria called?

A

Rods/baccii

bacillus

24
Q

What are spiral/curved bacteria called?

A

spirillum

25
Q

What is Gram?

A

Staining bacteria to:
identify type (by shape and colour of gram)
determine effectiveness of antibiotics
determine effectiveness of disinfectants

26
Q

What colour is gram positive?

A

Dark blue

27
Q

What colour is gram negative?

A

Red

28
Q

What are the three types of bacteria?

A

Cocci
Rods/bacilli
Spirilla

29
Q

What are endospores?

A

Gram postitive bacertia (rods) that are able to produce a spore within the cell under adverse conditions (dry, cold, no nutrients).

30
Q

What are vegetative cells?

A

Bacterial cells that do not contain endospores or have not yet begun to grow them.

31
Q

What is sporulation?

A

Takes place in an endospore when certain nutrients are depleted, genetic material is enclosed in compact layers of spore coat and may lie dormant for days/months/years.

32
Q

Describe the cycle of an endospore’s life?

A

Vegetative cell –> (adverse conditions) –> Endospore –> free spore –> + H20 and food –> germination –> vegetative

33
Q

What are some examples of endospores?

A

Anthrax,
gangrene,
tetanus

34
Q

What are endospores resistant to?

A

Heat, disinfectants, cold, ultraviolet light, acids, alkalis, detergents.

35
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission.

Cell elongates, genetic material replicates and moves to separate ends, cell divides.

36
Q

What is generation time?

A

Time it takes for binary fission to occur (doubling of population), related to the time it takes to cause disease.

37
Q

What is the generation time of a standard bacteria?

A

15-30 mins

38
Q

What is a colony?

A

A visible mass of bacteria on a culture media, shows all the descendants of a single bacterial cell (clone).

39
Q

What are the 4 stages of the bacterial growth curve?

A

1) Lag - Adapting to new environment
2) Log - Max reproduction
3) Stationary - no change in #, less food, more waste
4) Death - spores may form

40
Q

What is the incubation period in bacteria growth?

A

Period of time after an introduction of a microorganism to a host, no disease symptoms and is connected to the lag cycle.

41
Q

What is the acute period in bacteria growth?

A

Onset of symptoms, connected to the log cycle.

42
Q

What is the stationary stage of bacteria growth?

A

Symptoms are no worse but no sign of recovery

43
Q

What is the convalescent period of bacteria growth?

A

Symptoms subside, connected to the death phase.

44
Q

What are type of virus is easier to kill with disinfectant?

A

Lipid viruses (except for Hepatitis B)

45
Q

What are influenza A?

A

Viruses responsible for pandemic outbreaks (H1N1, spanish Flu, Swine flu) high death rate.

46
Q

What are influenza B?

A

Viruses that cause local outbreaks

47
Q

What are colds caused by?

A

Rhinoviruses

48
Q

Describe the multiplication of a virus

A
  1. Attachment to host
  2. Penetration
  3. Viral Replication
  4. Viral Assembly (Nucleic acid, protein coat)
  5. Release from host
49
Q

What are oncogenic viruses?

A

Viruses that transform cells into tumour cells

50
Q

How do viruses effect the host cell?

A

Usually kill it

  • lysis
  • diversion of metabolic pathways
  • destroyed by host’s lymphocytes
51
Q

How do antibiotics effect viral replication?

A

No effect because antibiotics are directed against metabolic pathways of bacteria and viruses don’t have any of their own.

52
Q

What are some anti-viral drugs?

A

Acyclovir (genital herpes)
Zidovudine ( AIDS)
Immunization

53
Q

What is a problem in developing antiviral drugs?

A

It has to kill the virus but not the host cell.

Infection Prevention (4 decks)

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