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Embryology > Final Exam 3 > Flashcards

Final Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which vessel contributes to the definitive superior vena cava?

A

Right common cardinal vein

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2
Q

Which vessel is a primary contributor to the hepatic portal and superior mesenteric veins?

A

Right vitelline vein

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3
Q

The following blood vessels contribute to inferior vena cava (IVC) formation. Which one links the subcardinal and supracardinal systems?

A

Right subsupracardinal anastomosis

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4
Q

The syndrome of left superior vena cava occurs due to which event?

A

Left anterior cardinal vein persists and right anterior cardinal vein regresses.

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5
Q

Which fetal shunt links the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava?

A

ductus venosus

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6
Q

The round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres) derives from which fetal structure?

A

left umbilical vein

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7
Q

Which PNS pathway requires two neurons?

A

general visceral efferent

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8
Q

Why are smell, taste, vision, hearing and balance considered to be “special senses”?

A

information for each is processed in a separate cortical region

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9
Q

What is the embryonic origin of PNS dorsal root ganglion cells?

A

neural crest cells

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10
Q

What is the embryonic origin of PNS somatic motor neurons?

A

ventral basal plate neurons

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11
Q

What is the embryonic origin of PNS spinal cord sympathetic preganglionic neurons?

A

lateral basal plate neurons

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12
Q

What is the embryonic origin of PNS sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

A

neural crest cells

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13
Q

Which support cells predominate in PNS ganglia?

A

satellite cells

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14
Q

Which support cells predominate in spinal cord white matter?

A

oligodendrocytes

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15
Q

General somatic afferent information travels to the sensory cortex via the dorsal column pathway made up of a sequence of three neurons. The axons of the second neurons extend from the medulla to the thalamus as which tract?

A

Lemniscal tract

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16
Q

The cell bodies of which neurons would be located in the paravertebral (Sympathetic chain) ganglia?

A

visceral motor postganglionic

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17
Q

Primary neurulation produces all of the following cells except?

A

microglia

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18
Q

Spinal cord alar plate neurons are classified as?

A

interneurons

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19
Q

Dorsal root ganglion cells, sympathetic chain ganglion cells, sympathetic collateral ganglion cells, adrenal medulla chromaffin cells, Schwann cells and Satellite cells derive from which source?

A

neural crest cells

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20
Q

The embryonic tissues produced from secondary neurulation derive from which source?

A

caudal eminence (tail bud)

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21
Q

Spinal neural tube neuroepithelial cell proliferation results in formation of ventricular, mantle, and marginal layers. How does the mantle layer relate to adult spinal cord structure?

A

represents gray matter cell bodies

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22
Q

Where does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow?

A

between the pia and the arachnoid

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23
Q

Somitomeres and somites primarily derive from what source?

A

paraxial mesoderm

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24
Q

What is the correct order for the spinal meninges (begin at the vertebral arch and move inward)?

A

epidural, dural, arachnoid, subarachnoid, pia

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25
Q

The spinal leptomeninges (arachnoid and pia) derive from which source?

A

neural crest cells

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26
Q

Failure of the neural tubes to close over the entire spinal cord is?

A

Rachischisis

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27
Q

A vertebral malformation in which the dura and arachnoid layers herniate out of the vertebral canal as a fluid filled sac but the spinal cord is not displaced would be termed as?

A

meningocele

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28
Q

A short, myelinated multipolar neuron would be classified as?

A

visceral motor preganglionic

29
Q

The ependymal cells and pia combine to form the roof of the 4th ventricle as the?

A

tele chordia

30
Q

Which nucleus is found in the brain stem but not the spinal cord?

A

special somatic afferent

31
Q

The inferior ganglion for cranial nerve IX derives from which source?

A

petrosal placode

32
Q

Which cranial nerve does not use basal plate derived multipolar neurons to provide general somatic efferent (GSE) regulation of skeletal muscle?

A

V

33
Q

Which cranial nerve does not develop in association with the pharyngeal arches?

A

III

34
Q

Which cranial nerve does not provide general somatic afferent (GSA) information?

A

III

35
Q

Which cranial nerve provides general visceral efferent (GVE) regulation of heart rate?

A

X

36
Q

The pharyngeal arch cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X all contain special visceral efferent fibers. Which other feature do all four share?

A

all contain placode and neural crest derived afferent neurons

37
Q

Which area lacks basal plate derived neurons?

A

diencephalon

38
Q

Which area is characterized by oculomotor nerve (CN III), red nuclei and substantia nigra?

A

mesencephalon

39
Q

The superior and inferior colliculi derive from which definitive brain region?

A

mesencephalon

40
Q

The cerebellum derives from which definitive brain region?

A

metencephalon

41
Q

The corpus striatum and basal nuclei derive from which definitive brain region?

A

telecephalon

42
Q

The pineal gland derives from which definitive brain region?

A

diencephalon

43
Q

The optic vesicle derives from which definitive brain region?

A

diencephalon

44
Q

The posterior pituitary derives from which definitive brain region?

A

diencephalon

45
Q

The cerebral aqueduct characterizes which definitive brain region?

A

mesencephalon

46
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the anterior pituitary?

A

stomodeum surface ectoderm

47
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the lens vesicle?

A

placode ectoderm

48
Q

Why is cerebellum development unique relative to other brain regions?

A

neuroblasts migrate upward from the ventricular layer and downward from the outer germinal layer.

49
Q

An infant is born with a large mass protruding from the occipital region of the skull. Examination reveals herniation of brain tissue that includes a CSF filled extension of a lateral ventricle. How would you classify this condition?

A

meningohydroencephalocele

50
Q

Cerebellar displacement as seen in Arnold-Chiari malformation is associated with which condition?

A

nonobstructive hydrocephalus

51
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the corpus striatum?

A

telencephalon neuroepithelium

52
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the lens of the eye?

A

surface ectoderm

53
Q

The axons of which cells make-up the optic nerve?

A

ganglion cells

54
Q

The direct differentiation of mesenchyme cells into bone forming cells (osteoblasts) is classified as what type of osteogenesis (bone formation)?

A

intramembranous

55
Q

Mesenchyme cell differentiation into cartilage forming cells (chondroblasts) that create a cartilage template, followed by conversion of the cartilage template into bone is which type of osteogenesis (bone formation)?

A

endochondral

56
Q

Somites 1-4 are the occipital somites. The 4th occipital somite develops from which somitomere?

A

11

57
Q

The vertebra derive from which cell source?

A

sclerotome

58
Q

Why is spinal nerve development regarded as segmental while vertebra development is intersegmental?

A

sclerotome cells from the cranial end of one somite fuse with the caudal end of the next somite.

59
Q

Name 3 cranial nerves that have special visceral afferent function for taste?

A

VII Facial
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus

60
Q

Name 3 cranial nerves that have special somatic afferent function and include bipolar neurons?

A

I Olfactory
II Optic
VIII Vestibulocochlear

61
Q

Which areas are characterized by the presence of large choroid plexuses?

A

Lateral ventricles
3rd Ventricle
4th Ventricle

62
Q

The cornea is made-up of an outer epithelium, a middle stroma and an inner endothelium. What is the embryonic origin of these 3 areas?

A

Outer epithelium- Surface ectoderm
Endothelium- mesoderm
Middle stroma- neural crest cells

63
Q

Identify the 4 spinal cord alar and basal plate nuclei

A

Alar
1) GSA 2) GVA
Basal
3) GVE, 4) GSE

64
Q

Identify the 3 new nuclei added in the brainstem

A

SSA
SVA
SVE

65
Q

List the cranial nerves that develop with the pharyngeal arches by number, name, and provide a list of functions (SSA,GSA, etc) for each.

A 
NUMBER - NAME     -  FUNCTION
 V   Trigeminal     GSA, SVE 
VII  Facial        GSA, SVA, SVE, GVE
 IX Glossopharyngeal   GSA, SVA, GVA, SVE, GVE 
X    Vagus      GSA, GVA, SVA, GVE, SVE
66
Q

How does CNS myelination differ from PNS myelination?

A

CNS – Oligodendrocytes make myelin

PNS – Schwann cells make myelin

67
Q

What is the fundamental difference between the paleocortex and the neocortex?

A

The paleocortex forms first and is relatively simple in structure, with typically three layers of cells

68
Q

Identify the origin of the cerebellum and cerebrum and explain why the cerebellar cortex and cerebral cortex are unique relative to the brainstem.

A

The cerebral cortex (like the cerebellar cortex) begins development in a pattern similar to that of the spinal cord except that only alar plate cells are present.

In the cerebellum metencephalon rhombic lip neuroblasts migrate around or through the marginal zone to form additional cell layers that make-up the outer gray cortex. The result is an outer germinal layer that produces cells that migrate inward and neuroepithelium derived cells migrating in the opposite direction.

In the cerebral cortex telencephalon derived neuroblasts proliferate and migrate through previously formed cell layers to produce the cortex.

Thus, cerebellar cortex and cerebral cortex are characterized by an outer cortex of gray matter surrounding inner white matter.

69
Q

Bonus-Identify the following:
Sulcus limitans
chorda tympani
Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal

A

Sulcus limitans – Longitudinal lateral grooves in the developing neural tube that separate basal and alar plate neurons.

Chorda tympani – Pathway for CN VII special visceral afferent (SVA) fibers for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal – Mesencephalic GVE nucleus for cranial nerve III that provides preganglionic fibers to the ciliary ganglion where neural crest derived postganglionic fibers innervate the iris of the eye. Mediates pupil constriction.

Embryology (11 decks)

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