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Embryology > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which two ovarian cells are responsible for estrogen/progesterone production?

A

Theca cells and granulosa cells

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2
Q

During the process of ovulation, what is actually ejected from the ovary?

A

Secondary oocyte

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3
Q

During the average menstrual cycle LH and FSH levels are highest during which phase?

A

Immediately prior to ovulation

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4
Q

During spermatozoa maturation protamines replace histones to facilitate chromatin condensation. When or where are sperm DNA protamines removed and replaced by histones?

A

In the oocyte after fertilization

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5
Q

The 1st polar body is produced during which stage of human development?

A

Tertiary Graafian follicle

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6
Q

When does zona pellucida hatching occur?

A

Blastocyst stage

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7
Q

The amniotic cavity is formed when:

A

A cavity forms in the epiblast

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8
Q

GnRH regulates FSH and FSH supports both speematogenesis and oogenesis by acting on which cells?

A

Sertoli And granulosa cells

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9
Q

During human gastrulation which definitive germ layer forms first?

A

endoderm

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10
Q

Placental villi primarily derive from which tissue?

A

Trophoblast of the blastocyst

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11
Q

The chorionic cavity or extraembryonic coelom forms between which two layers?

A

Somatic extraembryonic mesoderm and splanchnic extraembryonic mesoderm

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12
Q

The oropharyngeal membrane is a combination of which layers?

A

Ectoderm and endoderm

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13
Q

Why is the notochord referred to as the primary inducer?

A

Induces ectoderm to form the neural plate, induces paraxial mesoderm to form somites

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14
Q

The intraembryonic coelom forms during week 3 and is defined by horizontal folding during week 4 of embryonic development. When does this occur?

A

Between somatic and splanchnic mesoderm

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15
Q

A primary outcome of caudal embryonic longitudinal folding is formation of the?

A

Hindgut

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16
Q

What is the source of the mesothelium that makes up the parietal peritoneum?

A

lateral somatic mesoderm

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17
Q

The embryonic period is classified as weeks 1-8 after fertilization. Which major event categorizes week 2?

A

Implantation

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18
Q

How many chromosomes and how many copies of the DNA would be present in a human spermatid?

A

23 and 1N

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19
Q

How many chromosomes and how many copies of the DNA (N) would be present in a human secondary oocyte?

A

23 and 2N

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20
Q

When during the cell cycle does centriole replication occur?

A

S phase

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21
Q

Which structure is analagous to the corpus spongiosum of the male penis?

A

Clitoris

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22
Q

The primary site of spermatogenesis is the:

A

Seminiferous tubules

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23
Q

Which sequence best reflects the sperm pathway through the male reproductive system?

A

Semiferous tubules, rete testis, efferent ducts, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile urethra

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24
Q

Which male cell is the first to initiate meiosis?

A

Primary spermatocyte

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25
Q

Which cell type is haploid?

A

Secondary spermatocyte

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26
Q

What single feature is shared by primordial, early and late primary, secondary and tertiary (prior to the LH surge) follicles?

A

All include a primary oocyte

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27
Q

The primary target cells for LH in males is?

A

Leydig cells

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28
Q

Which cells or structures would not accompany the oocyte at ovulation?

A

Granulosa cells

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29
Q

Luteal phase ovarian production of which hormone primarily accounts for the secretory phase development of the endometrium?

A

Progesterone

30
Q

Which area of the female reproductive tract is characterized by branched mucus secreting glands that shift mucus production from a thick, acidic secretion during most of the menstrual cycle to large volumes of a thin, watery alkaline secretion around the time of ovulation?

A

Cervix

31
Q

Sperm-oocyte binding results in all of the following except?

A

Oocyte immediately hatches from the zona pellucida

32
Q

Which major organelle is contributed to the zygote by the sperm cell during fertilization?

A

Centrioles

33
Q

What is the fundamental mechanism by which the classic contraceptive pill prevents pregnancy?

A

Inhibits oocyte/follicle maturation and ovulation

34
Q

Why is compaction important?

A

Seperates blastomeres into two distinct cell populations (embryoblast and trophoblast)

35
Q

Which cells would not be present in a human blastocyst at the initiation of implantation (day 7) ?

A

Mesoderm

36
Q

Where does the decidual reaction occur?

A

Functional zone of endometrium

37
Q

95% of all ectopic pregnancies occur in which location?

A

Oviduct

38
Q

What is the origin of the amniotic membrane?

A

Epiblast

39
Q

The hypoblast layer is important because it contributes to?

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm formation

40
Q

The end of the second week is marked by formation of the chorion and its organization into the primary chorionic villi. What is the correct order (from the chorionic cavity to the decidua) of the three layers that make up the chorionic membrane?

A

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm, cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast

41
Q

The primitive streak marks the beginning of gastrulation. What will be the fate of the second population of cells that pass through the primitive streak?

A

Will become intraembryonic axial mesoderm

42
Q

A woman has a difficult time delivering an infant because of a large bulging mass in the posterior area of the infants buttocks. After delivery, gentle rectal palpation indicated that this tissue extended up into the pelvis. Biopsy of the tissue revealed the presence of skin, cartilage, bone, nervous tissue, cardiac and skeletal muscle, and intestinal epithelium. What is your diagnosis?

A

Sacrococcygeal teratoma

43
Q

The neurenteric canal is a transient passageway that develops during?

A

Notochord formation

44
Q

Why are neural crest cells important?

A

Essential to peripheral nervous system development

45
Q

Why is the extraembryonic somatic mesoderm important to the developing embryo?

A

Basis for chorionic villus blood vessel formation

46
Q

The correct sequence of structures would be:

A

Zygote, morula, blastocyst, gastrula, neurula

47
Q

Why is the extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm important to the developing embryo?

A

Basis for yolk sac blood island formation and vitelline circulation

48
Q

Where does extraembryonic vasculogenesis begin?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

49
Q

The somites develop from which cell population?

A

Embryonic paraxial mesoderm

50
Q

The first pair of somites develop from which pair of somitomeres?

A

8

51
Q

Which event would not be considered a major accomplishment of the 4th week of development?

A

Chorion formation

52
Q

The mesoderm derived epithelium that lines our closed body cavities is the?

A

Mesothelium

53
Q

The visceral peritoneum derives from the?

A

Intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

54
Q

Another name for the simple squamous epithelium that forms the lining of the cardiovascular system is the?

A

Endothelium

55
Q

A major outcome of longitudinal folding is?

A

Foregut/hindgut formation

56
Q

What layers make-up the intraembryonic somatopleure?

A

Surface ectoderm and somatic mesoderm

57
Q

Genitourinary system

A

Intermediate mesoderm

58
Q

Notochord

A

Axial mesoderm

59
Q

Coelom formation

A

Lateral mesoderm

60
Q

Somite development

A

Paraxial mesoderm

61
Q

List three male secondary sex glands?

A

Prostate, bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicles

62
Q

List three ectoderm derived cell populations that result from neurulation?

A

Neural crest cells, neuroepithelial cells, surface ectoderm

63
Q

Why is the notochord important to the process of neurulation?

A

The notochord serves as the primary inducer in converting surface ectoderm into neural ectoderm

64
Q

Why is longitudinal folding important to cardiovascular system development?

A

Cranial folding serves to position the heart tube in what will become the chest cavity

65
Q

List three components that make up the chorion?

A

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm, cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast

66
Q

List the three components that make up the embryonic vascular system during the fourth week?

A

Aortic/cardinal circulation, vitelline circulation, allantoic/ umbilical circulation

67
Q

Outline the process of spermiogenesis

A

Golgi phase
Cap phase
Acrosome phase
Maturation phase

68
Q

Which cells produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)? And why is hCG important to human pregnancy?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast
It does positive feedback on the ovary to maintain the corpus luteum which produces progesterone and estrogen to maintain the endometrium

69
Q

Explain why meiosis is important

A

It reduces total number of chromosomes from 46 to 23

It also provides genetic variability through synapsis and crossing over and independent assortment

70
Q

The epiblast gives rise to the three definitive embryonic germ layers. Identify the three layers and provide major derivatives of each.

A

Embryonic endoderm-primitive gut
Embryonic ectoderm-skin ectoderm, neural plate/fold ectoderm–neural tube cells, neural crest cells
Embryonic mesoderm-axial–prechordal plate and notochord,-paraxial–somites,-intermediate–genitourinary system,-lateral–somatic, splanchnic

Embryology (11 decks)

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