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7th Grade Science > 7th Science Genetics Outline > Flashcards

7th Science Genetics Outline Flashcards

1
Q

_______ is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.

A

Heredity

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2
Q

In the 1850s, _______, an Austrian friar, performed experiments that helped answer questions about how traits are inherited.

A

Gregor Mendel

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3
Q

_______ is the study of how traits pass from parents to offspring.

A

Genetics

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4
Q

Pea plants were ideal for genetic studies because they ________ quickly; they have easily observed traits; and the experimenter can control which pairs of plants ______ .

A

reproduce,reproduced

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5
Q

Mendel controlled which plants ________ other plants.

A

Pollinated

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6
Q

When a(n) ________ plant self-pollinates, it always produces offspring with traits that match the parent.

A

True breeding

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7
Q

By _________ plants himself, Mendel was able to select which plants pollinated other plants.

A

Cross pollinating

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8
Q

With each cross-pollination Mendel did, he recorded the traits that appeared in the __________

A

Offspring

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9
Q

Mendel’s crosses between true-breeding plants with purple flowers produced plants with only _______ flowers. Crosses between true-reeding plants, with white flowers produced plants with only ______ flowers.

A

purple;white

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10
Q

Crosses between true-breeding plants with purple flowers and true-breeding plants with white flowers produced plants with only _______ flowers.

A

purple

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11
Q

The first generation purple-flowering plants are called ______ plants.

A

hybrid

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12
Q

When Mendel cross pollinated two hybrid plants, the trait that had disappeared in the first generation always _________ in the second generation.

A

reappeared

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13
Q

Mendel analyzed the data from many experiments on seven different __________. he always noted a 3:1 _________; for example, purple flowers grew from hybrid crosses ________ times more often than white flowers.

A

traits;ratio;three

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14
Q

After analyzing the results of his experiments, Mendel concluded that two _________ control each trait.

A

genetic factors

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15
Q

Mendel also proposed that, when organisms reproduce, each _________, sperm or egg, contributes one factor for each trait.

A

reproductive cell

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16
Q

A genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor is ______.

A

dominant trait

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17
Q

A genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor is called ________.

A

recessive trait

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18
Q

For the second generation, Mendel cross-pollinated two hybrids with purple flowers. About _______ percent of the second generation plants had purple flowers. These plants had at least one ________ factor. _________ percent of the second-generation plants had white flowers. These plants had the same two ______ factors.

A

75%;dominant; 25%;recessive

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19
Q

Inside each cell is a nucleus that contains threadlike structures called ________.

A

chromosomes

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20
Q

Mendel’s factors are parts of chromosomes, and each cell in the offspring contains chromosomes from both ______.

A

parents

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21
Q

A(n) __________ is a section on a chromosomes that has genetic information for one trait.

A

gene

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22
Q

The different forms of a gene are called ______.

A

alleles

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23
Q

Geneticists refer to how a trait appears, or is expressed, as the trait’s ______.

A

phenotype

24
Q

The two alleles that control the phenotype of a trait are called the trait’s _______.

A

genotype

25
Q

In genetics, _________ letters represent dominant alleles, and _________ letters represent recessive alleles.

A

upper case; lower case

26
Q

When two alleles of a gene are the same, ins genotype is _________.

A

homozygous

27
Q

If two alleles of a gene are different, its genotype is _______.

A

Hetrosyzgus

28
Q

In a situation based on chance, such as flipping a coin, the chance of getting a certain outcome can be represented by a(n) __________ such as 50:50, or 1:1.

A

ratio

29
Q

A(n) __________ is a model that is used to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring.

A

Punnett Square

30
Q

To create a Punnett square, you need to know the _______ of both parents.

A

genotypes

31
Q

If you count large numbers of ________ from a particular cross, the overall ratio will be close to the ratio predicted by the Punnett square.

A

offspring

32
Q

A(n) _________ is a diagram that shows phenotypes of genetically related family members. It also gives class about their ________.

A

pedigree, heredity

33
Q

Alleles show _______ when the offspring’s phenotype is a bland of the parents’ phenotype.

A

incomplete dominance

34
Q

Alleles show _________ when both alleles can be observed in a phenotype.

A

codominance

35
Q

Unlike the genes in Mendel’s pea plants, some genes have _________ alleles.

A

multiple

36
Q

ABO ________ type is a trait that is determined by multiple alleles.

A

blood

37
Q

___________ occurs when multiple genes determine the phenotype of a trait.

A

Polygenic inheritance

38
Q

Human eye _______ is an example of polygenic inheritance.

A

color

39
Q

________ are not the only factor that can affect phenotypes. An organism’s ____________ can also affect its phenotype.

A

Genes; environment

40
Q

The flower color of one type of hydrangea is determined by the ________ in which the hydrangea grows.

A

soil

41
Q

________ choices can affect a person’s phenotype.

A

Healthful

42
Q

How a trait appears or is expressed?

A

phenotype

43
Q

Name some examples of phenotypes.

A

blue eyes, brown hair, red flowers, horns

44
Q

The two alleles that control the phenotype of a trait?

A

genotype

45
Q

What are genotypes represented by?

A

one uppercase and one lowercase letter

46
Q

For example what does BB, Bb and bb represent?

A

brown or blue eye color

47
Q

Uppercase letters represent what type of alleles?

A

Dominant traits

48
Q

For example, what does BB and Bb represent?

A

Dominant brown eye color

49
Q

Lowercase letters represent what type of alleles?

A

Recessive traits

50
Q

For example, what doe bb represent?

A

Recessive blue eye color

51
Q

What does home mean?

A

the same

52
Q

What is it called when two alleles of a gene are the same, for example BB or bb?

A

homozygous genotypes

53
Q

What does heater mean?

A

different

54
Q

What is it called when two alleles of a gene are different, for example Bb?

A

heterozygous genotypes

55
Q

What is a way to model inheritance to determine possible genotypes and phenotypes of an organism based on the genotype of the parent organisms?

A

punnett square

7th Grade Science (19 decks)

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