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UNIT 1 > Protocols > Flashcards

Protocols Flashcards

1
Q

Protocols

A

standards/rules used to define how devices communicate. They govern the transmission of data.

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2
Q

Each protocol has its own method to determine:

A
  • How data is formatted when sent
  • How the data is compressed
  • The size of message and speed of transmission
  • How to check for errors in data
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3
Q

Handshaking

A

the client requests access, the server grants it and the protocols are agreed

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4
Q

Packets

A

collections of data forming part of a message

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5
Q

Packet switching

A
  • packets are sent individually across a network
  • packets from the same message may take different routes according to the availability and traffic conditions
  • the packets are assembled to form the complete message at the receiving end.

As well, it improves the reliability of sending messages because if one route is busy, another can be found.

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6
Q

TCP/IP model

A
  • Consists of four layers, with each layer responsible for a small part of the communication process. Referred to as a modular design.
  • Advantage - is that each layer of the protocol software can be easily adapted for specific hardware and operating systems
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7
Q

Application layer

A

Encodes the data being sent so that it will be understood by the recipient.

This means formatting data and adding an appropriate header according to a protocol being used, such as HTTP or FTP.

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8
Q

Transport layer

A

Splits the data into packets and adds packet information such as, packet number specifying that packet’s order and the total number of packets so they can be reassembled correctly.

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9
Q

Internet layer

A

Attaches the IP address of the sender so the recipient will know who sent it. It also attaches the address of the host that is sending the data and the destination IP address.

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10
Q

Link layer

A

Attaches the Media Access Control (MAC) addresses of the sender and the recipient, allowing the packet to be directed to a specific device on a local area network.

At the receiving end, these data packets are passed back up the protocol stack.

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11
Q

Protocols – application layer:

A 
HTTP
FTP/SFTP
SMTP
POP3
SNMP
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12
Q

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - HTTP

A
  • used to access and receive web pages in the form of HTML files
  • protocol requests the web server to transmit the requested web page to the user’s browser for viewing
  • HTTPS encrypts
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13
Q

File Transfer Protocol - FTP/SFTP

A
  • Used to transfer files online
  • For moving information from the computer you’re working on to the server where the website is hosted
  • Can be used to share/upload files. File is uploaded onto the FTP server and link sent to another person
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14
Q

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol – SMTP

A
  • Used for sending email messages
  • Needed when using different email service providers
  • At least one requirement of this protocol is the specification of an IP port address on which this protocol will ‘listen’ for the messages
  • Requires a sender name, receiver name, subject and body
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15
Q

Post Office Protocol - POP3

A
  • Used for receiving emails
  • POP receives and holds email on the server until the user picks it up
  • User can download all emails from the server to store on their computer
  • Creates local copies of emails and deletes the originals from the server, so emails are on the user’s devices
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16
Q

Simple Network Management Protocol – SNMP

A
  • Used for network management
  • Used for collection information from and configuring network devices such as, servers, printers, hubs, switches and routers on an Internet Protocol (IP) network
17
Q

Protocols – transport layer:

A

TCP

UDP

18
Q

Transmission Control Protocol – TCP

A
  • Standard which defines how messages are broken up into packets and reassembled at the destination. It detects errors and re-sends lost packets.
  • Different to IP as it identifies the location on the internet
  • When you load a web page, computer sends TCP packets to the web server, asking it to send the webpage to user.
19
Q

TCP Process

A
  • Web server responds by sending TCP packets, which your web browser puts together to form the web page and display it.
  • Each time you do something, the web browser sends TCP packets to the server and the server sends TCP packets back
  • 2 way communication – systems sends packets back to acknowledge it has received from your packets
20
Q

How does TCP ensure packets reach their destination?

A

by numbering them, messages are sent confirming the delivery, if these confirmation messages don’t reach the sender, the packets are resent to ensure delivery

21
Q

How is TCP reliable?

A

because packets are checked for errors, packets are tracked so data is not lost or corrupted in transit

22
Q

User Datagram Protocol – UDP

A
  • Datagram is the same thing as a packet of information
  • Similar to TCP – but without checking for errors. This makes it faster because the messages confirming delivery slows communication down.
  • Packets are sent, the sender won’t wait to check if the packet has been received, will continue sending packets
23
Q

What happens if UDP packets aren’t received?

A

the recipient can’t request the missing packets, no guarantee that all packets have been received. Means that computers communicate at a faster speed.

24
Q

When is UDP best used?

A

when communication needs to take place quickly

25
Q

Protocols – network layer:

A

IP

ICMP

26
Q

Internet Protocol – IP

A
  • Identifies the location of a device on the internet
  • Allows data packets to reach the appropriate destination on a network
  • The IP address is a number which is linked to all online activity from a computer on a network
27
Q

Why is IP needed?

A
  • Your computer connects to the internet indirectly. - First, you connect to a network that is A) connected to the internet itself and B) grants access to the internet.
  • IP is responsible for addressing, delivering and routing your online requests precisely.
28
Q

IP address

A

We are used to domain names, these are changed to a numerical IP address by a Domain Name System (DNS) server.

29
Q

Internet Control Message Protocol – ICMP

A
  • error-respnding protocol

- used to create and send error messages to the source IP addresses when network problems prevent delivery of IP packets

30
Q

Reasons for protocols

A
  • Managing the network
  • Dealing with how different data types should be structured
  • Ensuring the appropriate transfer of information between devices attached to the internet,
31
Q

Benefits of using layers when working with network protocols

A
  • set rules for each layer
  • layers are self contained
  • each layer of protocol software can be easily adapted for specific hardware and operating systems
32
Q

TCP/IP Protocol stack model

A

Host (your laptop)

Application layer (HTTP) > transport layer (TCP) > network layer (IP) > data link layer

> > > >

> data link layer > network layer (IP) > transport layer (TCP) > application layer (HTTP) > Target (webserver)

UNIT 1 (19 decks)

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